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英文文献：Securing Land Rights Through Community Based Strategies; Potentials And Challenges-通过以社区为基础的战略确保土地权利;潜力和挑战
英文文献作者：Eric Yeboah
英文文献摘要：
In Africa, land is a fundamental asset with profound economic, social and spiritual relevance. And with economies being dominantly agrarian, securing land access and land rights are central in securing livelihoods and ensuring economic prosperity. Ironically, land ownership and access in many parts of the continent continue to be riddled with tenure insecurity partly as a result of the demographic pressure, globalization and market liberalization in the face of weak institutional framework, unresponsive policies and outdated laws.Although customary land tenure is dynamic and may evolve to cope with emerging issues, the intensity of contemporary pressures on land is increasingly rendering indigenous tenure inadequate in ensuring the needed level of tenure security. Imported model such as land titling has also continuously failed to live up to the initial expectations despite the profound capital and technical investments. These developments have prompted the need to develop locally inspired alternatives to enhance land tenure security. The Innovative Tools to Secure Land Rights in West Africa Project is one of such initiatives. This was a three-year research-action Project which was conducted in Ghana and Mali.Under the Ghanaian Component of the Project a model for spatially documenting customary land rights, templates for documenting customary and informal land transactions as well as spousal transfer agreement template to secure land access and tenure from gender equality point of view have been developed as part of the effort to secure land rights for all. The processes involved in the development of these tools were participatory, deliberative and iterative. Several lessons have been learnt and this paper seeks to highlight experiences from this Project in order to inform the design of similar initiative.
在非洲，土地是具有深刻经济、社会和精神意义的基本资产。由于经济以农业为主，确保土地使用权和土地权利对于保障生计和确保经济繁荣至关重要。具有讽刺意味的是，非洲大陆许多地区的土地所有权和获得土地的机会仍然充满着土地使用权的不安全，这部分是由于人口压力、全球化和市场自由化在体制框架薄弱、政策反应迟钝和法律过时的情况下造成的。虽然习惯的土地保有权是动态的，并可能演变以应付新出现的问题，但当代对土地的强烈压力日益使土著土地保有权在确保必要的保有权保障水平方面不足。引进的土地产权等模式，虽然投入了大量的资金和技术，但也一直未能达到最初的预期。这些发展促使有必要发展当地的替代办法，以加强土地保有权的保障。“确保西非土地权利的创新工具”项目就是其中之一。这是在加纳和马里进行的为期三年的研究行动项目。在加纳项目的组件模型空间记录的土地权利,模板记录习惯和非正式的土地交易以及配偶获得土地使用权转让协议模板和任期从性别平等的角度已经开发作为努力获得土地权利的一部分。开发这些工具所涉及的过程是参与性的、审议性的和反复的。我们从中吸取了一些教训，本文试图强调这个项目的经验，以便为类似的设计提供参考。
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