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英文文献：Biofuels And The Hazards Of Land Grabbing: Tenure (In)Security And Indigenous Farmers’ Investment Decisions In Ghana-生物燃料和土地掠夺的危险:在加纳的土地保有权安全和土著农民的投资决定
英文文献作者：Bismark Aha,Jonathan Zinzi Ayitey
英文文献摘要：
The past decade has witnessed a renewed interest in transnational land deals in the developing land-abundant countries of Sub Sahara Africa (SSA), Asia and Latin America following the convergence of the global financial, food and energy crises in the mid 2000s. In much of SSA, these deals occur on customary (communal) lands which are managed by traditional chiefs in trust for the entire local community and hence occupied by local farmers. Traditional authorities have, for unexplained reasons, become much interested in these deals; alienating large tracts of customary lands to foreign investors for biofuel and food crop plantations. In this paper, we examine the effects of the current mode of communal land acquisition for Jatropha cultivation in Ghana on the security of indigenous farmers’ land rights and their decisions to invest in their farms. Empirical evidence is based on primary data collected from field surveys conducted in two districts in Ghana; Yeji and Ejura in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions respectively. We show that the increasing alienation of communal lands to biofuel investors without fair and adequate compensation to the indigenous land holders has resulted in higher levels of uncertainty and land tenure insecurity among farmers in affected communities. Consequently, such farmers have become apathetic to farming, cultivate smaller farm sizes and thereby show low agricultural investments. These findings provide a new perspective for considering the nexus between increasing biofuel cultivation and food security in developing countries.
在过去的十年中，随着本世纪头十年中期全球金融、食品和能源危机的汇合，撒哈拉以南非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲等土地资源丰富的发展中国家对跨国土地交易重新燃起了兴趣。在SSA的大部分地区，这些交易发生在传统的(公社的)土地上，这些土地由传统的酋长管理，由整个当地社区托管，因此被当地农民占据。由于无法解释的原因，传统权威机构对这些交易产生了浓厚的兴趣;将大片传统土地让渡给外国投资者，用于生物燃料和粮食作物种植。在本文中，我们考察了当前加纳为种植麻风树而集体征用土地的模式对土著农民土地权利的保障以及他们投资农场的决定的影响。经验证据基于在加纳两个县进行的实地调查中收集的初级数据;Yeji和Ejura分别位于Ashanti和Brong Ahafo地区。我们的研究表明，在没有向土著土地所有者提供公平和充分补偿的情况下，越来越多的公共土地被转让给生物燃料投资者，导致受影响社区的农民更加不确定和土地使用权不安全。因此，这些农民对农业生产变得冷漠，种植规模更小，从而表现出低农业投资。这些发现为考虑发展中国家日益增加的生物燃料种植和粮食安全之间的关系提供了一个新的视角。
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