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英文文献：Government Size, Openness and Income Risk Nexus: New Evidence from Some African Countries-政府规模、开放程度和收入风险关系:来自一些非洲国家的新证据
英文文献作者：Ikechukwu D. NWAKA,Stephen T. ONIFADE
英文文献摘要：
Empirical evidence for the compensation hypothesis holds that trade openness independent of income risk has no significant effects on government size. Hence, using time series data for the period 1965-2013 from Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa and applying the bounds test method of cointegration, this paper investigates the nature of the relationship between openness, income risk, terms of trade volatility and income per capita on government size in each of the 5 African countries. Our empirical findings show a long-run relationship particularly in Egypt and Ghana and a limited evidence for other countries. Similarly, after applying both the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) and Fully Modified OLS (FM-OLS) on original data and Moving Average (MV) converted data, our findings vary across the countries due to country-specific factors. Hence, the evidence we find does not support the compensation hypothesis. However, we observe significant positive effects of income per capita on government size for each country and some evidence of the mitigating and cushioning effects of governments when exposed to income risks and volatility due to trade openness. We therefore suggest some appropriate policy recommendations for the selected countries.
补偿假设的经验证据表明，独立于收入风险的贸易开放对政府规模没有显著影响。因此,利用时间序列数据对1965 - 2013年期间从埃及、加纳、肯尼亚、尼日利亚和南非和应用协整的边界检测方法,探讨开放的本质关系,收入风险、贸易条件的波动性和人均收入对政府规模的5个非洲国家。我们的实证结果显示了一种长期的关系，特别是在埃及和加纳，而其他国家的证据有限。同样，在对原始数据和移动平均(MV)转换数据应用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)和完全修改的OLS (FM-OLS)后，我们的研究结果因各国具体因素而有所不同。因此，我们发现的证据并不支持补偿假设。然而，我们观察到每个国家的人均收入对政府规模的显著积极影响，以及一些证据表明，当面临贸易开放带来的收入风险和波动性时，政府会起到缓和和缓冲作用。因此，我们对选定的国家提出一些适当的政策建议。
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