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关键词：FRONTIERS services frontier frontie Banking 下载 NEW Banking services FRONTIERS

Introduction 1
Part I
1 Access to Bank Accounts and Payment Services 5
1.1 Introduction: Financial Exclusion …………..……………………...... 5
1.2 Interests, Concerns and Possible Solutions ……………...………..…. 11
1.2.1 General Trends …………………………..………………....…. 11
1.2.2 Underbanked Individuals and Fringe Banks ……...….….……. 15
1.2.3 Over-Indebtedness …………………………...…...…………… 16
1.2.4 Financial Literacy …………………………..…………….…… 21
1.2.5 The Service of General Interest Mission and the Community-
Based Approach …………………………….………………… 22
1.2.6 Concerns and Possible Solutions ……………..……….……… 29
1.3 The Issue of Measurement and Comparative Analysis ….……...…… 30
1.4 Types of Response ………………….…….………….………………. 35
1.5 Case Studies………………………………..……………………...….. 43
1.5.1 Europe ………………………………………...………………. 43
1.5.2 The Situation Overseas ……………………….………………. 69
1.6 Result from a Survey in France, Italy and Spain .....…………………. 84
1.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ……….………….……………. 95
1.8 References …………………………………………………....……… 99
2 Access to Credit: the Difficulties of Households 107
2.1 Introduction …………………………….………………………….… 107
2.2 The Use of Credit by Households ...……………………………….…. 108
2.2.1 The Questionnaire Survey …………………..……………...…. 112
2.3 A Theoretical Framework for Credit Exclusion …….…………….…. 117
2.3.1 The Role of Credit to Overcome Social Exclusion ..……….…. 117
2.3.2 Economic Rationales for Credit Exclusion …………..…….…. 118
2.4 Beating Credit Exclusion ………………………………………….…. 123
2.4.1 Lending to Households: a Profitable Business Area .……….… 124
2.4.2 Reducing the Costs and Risks Associated with Households
Loans.……………………………………………..…………… 128
X Contents
2.4.3 A Wider Scope for Not-For-Profit Intermediaries and
Organizations ………………..…………………………..……. 132
2.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications ………………….………….…. 134
2.6 References ……………….…………………………………………... 137
3 Access to Investments and Asset Building for Low Income People 141
3.1 Saving and Asset Accumulation for LMIs: Theoretic Framework…... 141
3.2 The USA Experience with the Individual Development Accounts
(IDAs) ..….………………………………………………….……….. 145
3.2.1 Features of the IDA Accounts/Programs ………………….….. 145
3.2.2 Stakeholders of the IDA Accounts/Programs ……………..….. 154
3.2.3 Funding of the IDA Accounts/Programs ………………..……. 159
3.3 Saving and Asset Accumulation with Tax Refunds ..….…………….. 162
3.4 The British Experience with the Child Trust Fund and the Savings
Gateway…….………………………………………………….…….. 165
3.5 Conclusions …….……………………………………………………. 172
3.6 References and Bibliography …...……………………….…………… 173
3.7 Appendix - Comment on Data About the “Access to Investment
Services” ……………………..………………………….…………… 178
Appendix to Part I - Methodological Notes to the Field Research in France,
Italy and Spain ……………………..……………………………….………… 183
Part II
4 What Are the Specific Economic Gains from Improved Financial
Inclusion? A Tentative Methodology for Estimating These Gains 191
4.1 Introduction …….……………………………………………………. 191
4.2 Defining Financial Exclusion ...….…………………………………... 192
4.3 European Evidence on Exclusion …….……………………………… 193
4.4 Market Context and European Policy Responses …….…………….... 195
4.5 From Exclusion to Inclusion – Identifying the Costs and Benefits ..… 199
4.6 Measuring the Economic Gains from Improved Financial Inclusion ... 207
4.7 Conclusion ……………………………….…………………….….…. 209
4.8 References and Bibliography……………..……………….……..…. 210
5 From Financial Exclusion to Overindebtedness: the Paradox of
Difficulties for People on Low Incomes ? 213
5.1 Introduction …….……………………………………………………. 213
5.2 A Definition of Financial Exclusion as a Social Phenomenon .……… 215
5.2.1 Return to the Definitions of Financial Exclusion ………….…. 215
5.2.2 Use Difficulties ……………….….……………………….…... 217
5.2.3 Financial Exclusion and Social Exclusion: Moving Towards an
Overall Definition ……………….……………………….…… 219
5.3 Access and Use of Credit: the Importance of Social Constraints ……. 221
5.3.1 The Financialisation of Social Relations …….……………….. 222
5.3.2 Use of Credit as a Forced Response to Life Risks ……..….….. 224
5.4 The Mechanisms Underlying Access and Use Difficulties.…..…….... 227
Contents XI
5.4.1 The Reasons for the Banking Relationship ……………….…... 228
5.4.2 The Need for Suitable Advice to Customers on Limited
Incomes ………………………………………………….……. 231
5.4.3 Banking Imperatives Versus Customisation of the Service …... 233
5.4.4 Standardisation of the Service that Is the Source of Access and
Use Difficulties, and Therefore of Overindebtedness ……...…. 236
5.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………….……..…. 241
5.6 References …………………………………………………...………. 243
6 The Role of German Savings Banks in Preventing Financial Exclusion 247
6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………….…. 247
6.2 Savings Banks as a Part of the German Banking System ………...…. 249
6.2.1 The Three-Pillar Structure of the German Banking System .…. 249
6.2.2 Key Facts of the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe……...……...….…. 251
6.2.3 Relationships Between Municipalities and the Sparkassen-
Finanzgruppe …………………………………….……...….…. 252
6.2.4 Recent Developments Affecting the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe 253
6.3 Is the Public Mandate of the Savings Banks Obsolete or a Successful
Strategy to Prevent Financial Exclusion? …….……………………… 254
6.3.1 Stipulations of the Public Mandate of German Savings Banks.. 254
6.3.2 Provision of Basic Banking Services ………………...….……. 256
6.3.3 Nationwide Provision of Financial Services ….……...…….…. 257
6.4 Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ……….…..….…. 259
6.5 Encouraging the Accumulation of Wealth and Financial Education .... 261
6.6 Future Outlook on the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe ………………...…. 262
6.7 References …………………………………………...………………. 265
7 Economic Growth and Financial Inclusion: the Case of Poland 271
7.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………….…. 271
7.2 Transformation of the Polish Banking Sector and Provision of
Banking Services ..……………………………………………..….…. 273
7.3 Provision of Banking Services to Households and Corporations ....…. 282
7.4 Models of Bank Services to SME ……………………………..….…. 287
7.5 Barriers to Providing Banking Services to SME: Results of Bank
Surveys ……………………………………...……………………….. 290
7.6 Conclusions ………………………….…………………...……….…. 294
7.7 References …………………………….………………….……….…. 297
8 Italian Banks’ Credit Approach Towards Low-Income Consumers
and Microenterprises: Is There a Bias Against Some Segments of
Customers? 299
8.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………….…. 299
8.2 Methodologies of Credit Risk Measurement: Credit Scoring Models 302
8.2.1 The Choice of Highly Explanatory Variables ……………...… 305
8.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Credit Scoring ……………………..…. 307
8.4 The Effects of the Adoption of Credit Scoring on a Marginal
Borrower’s Credit Process………………………………………...…. 310
XII Contents
8.5 The Experiences of Some Italian Banks ...………………………..…. 313
8.6 Conclusions ……………………………………….……...……….…. 318
8.7 References …………………………………………….….……….…. 319
9 Banking the Poor: Policies to Bring Low- and Moderate-Income
Households in the United States into the Financial Mainstream 323
9.1 The “Unbanked” and the “Underbanked”……….….……………..…. 323
9.1.1 The Alternative Financial Sector ……...……………..…….…. 324
9.1.2 The Costs of Being Unbanked …………………...…..…….…. 326
9.2 The Banking Sector ………..………………………….……….….…. 327
9.2.1 Barriers to Banking the Poor ……………………………….…. 327
9.2.2 Governmental Policy and Private Sector Innovation ……....…. 329
9.3 Payments Systems and Distribution Networks ..………….……….…. 333
9.3.1 Checks and Debit Cards ……...………….……………………. 333
9.3.2 ATMs …...…………….………………………………………. 335
9.3.3 Direct Deposit and Bill Payment ………………….…………... 337
9.4 Transforming Financial Services for the Poor .…………….……...…. 339
9.4.1 A New First Accounts Tax Credit ………………….…………. 339
9.4.2 The Community Reinvestment Act ………………….………... 344
9.4.3 State Policies and Welfare Reform …………………..…….…. 345
9.4.4 Financial Education ...……………………………………....…. 345
9.4.5 Reforming the Alternative Financial Sector ……………….…. 346
9.5 Conclusion …..…………………………………………....……….…. 349
9.6 References ..…………………………………..……………………… 350
10 Migrants and Remittances 353
10.1 Migration Phenomena: Modern-Day Elements of an Ancient
Phenomenon ………………..………….…………………………… 353
10.2 The Risk of Financial Exclusion Within a Broader Perspective ….... 355
10.3 Migration Phases and Personal Variables as Key Elements of
Financial Needs …………………..……………….....……………... 356
10.3.1 Demand for Financial Services Aimed at Immigrants ….…. 357
10.4 Migrant Remittance Behaviour ……………...……..……...……….. 365
10.5 Conclusions .………………...………………………......……….…. 368
10.6 References ………………………………………...…….……….…. 370
11 Conclusions 373
Editors and Contributing Authors 377

中国工业化与城市化协调发展论  
 
 
 
   
  作者：  周维富    
  作者专业：  产业经济学    
  导师姓名：  吕政    
  授予学位：  博士  
  授予单位：  中国社会科学院研究生院    
  授予单位新名或规范名称：  
  授予学位时间：  20020101  
  分类号：  F291.1    F061.3    
  关键词：  工业现代化    中国城市化    经济协调发展    城乡一体化    经济发展绩效    
  摘要：  工业化与城市化是推动经济发展和现代化进程的重要动力，也是经济发展和现代化的重要载体。目前，中国已经基本实现了“三步走”发展战略的前两个目标，正处于变传统农业社会为现代工业社会、变传统农村社会为现代城市社会，实现工业化和工业现代化与城市化和城市现代化的过程中。实践的发展迫切需要理论界探讨工业化和城市化的内在发展规律及其相互之间内在互动关系，并据此来设计未来中国工业化和城市化发展的思路与政策举措，保持工业化与城市化的协调发展，避免工业化脱离城市化，或者城市化脱离工业化的不良倾向，使中国的工业化与城市化发展能够少走弯路，甚至不走弯路，通过最短的路径实现经济社会的现代化和城乡发展的一体化。为此，作者分析了和比较了现有的关于工业化和城市化的一些主要理论，提出了工业化与城市化协调发展的基本要求、主要表现和检验标准，实证考察了自1949年以来中国工业化与城市化发展的历程、基本特点及其经济发展绩效，并在借鉴拉美地区工业化与城市化发展的经验和教训的基础上，提出了在新世纪推动中国工业化与城市化协调发展的政策建议。论文分理论篇、实证篇和借鉴篇三个部分。  
  文摘语种：  中文文摘  
  论文页数：  1-110  
  数据库名：