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[休闲其它] 词根辨析   [推广有奖]

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词根辨析

 作者:未且未且

acerbic, acrimony, 这两个单词中出现的词根ACERB/ACRI源自拉丁语,意为sharp或sour,-IC是个构成形容词的后缀,含义有很多,这里意为“…似的”,-MONY为后缀,表示动作、结果、状态,如palimony等;acerbic意为“酸(味)的;(性情、语言等)尖刻的,厉害的,粗暴的”,如:Her acerbic humor delighted some people but offended others.(他尖刻的幽默使一些人高兴,但对其他人而言是冒犯。);acrimony意为“(态度、语言等的)毒辣,激烈,刻毒”,如:“If you wanna leave, just leave,” she said, her voice sharp with acrimony.(“如果你想走,那就走好了,”她说,声音尖刻。)

  abbreviate中BREV为词根,意为short,AB-是前缀,意为to,-ATE作为后缀,可构成名词、形容词或动词,abbreviate为动词,意为“节略,省略,缩写;缩短(行期等)”,如:United States of America is abbreviated to U.S.A.(美利坚合众国的缩写是U.S.A.)

  absolve中的SOLV是源自拉丁语的词根,意为to loosen, free, release,AB-即to,absolve意为“免除,解除;赦免,宽恕”,如:Moving away will not absolve you of the responsibility for paying your debt.(离开的做法并不能免除你的还债责任。)

  abstraction中的TRACT是源自拉丁语的词根,意为to draw, to drag,ABS-与AB-相同,-ION是用于构成名词的后缀,表示行为的过程、结果,或表示状态(情况),abstraction意为“抽象(作用/概念);提取;出神,发呆;不切实际的观念”,如:Until now, our generation only knew war as an abstraction.(战争对于我们今天的这一代人仅仅是个抽象概念。)

  accident中的CID是源自拉丁语的词根,意为to fall, to happen,AC-即AD-,意为toward, to, near,后缀-ENT要么加在动词后构成形容词,表示“动作”、“性质”,要么加在动词后构成名词,表示“动作者”、“生效物”,此处构成名词,accident意为“事故,偶发事件;灾难,意外”等,如:Tom had an accident on his way home and had to go to the hospital.(汤姆在回家路上遇到了事故,不得不去了医院。)

  according中的CORD是源自拉丁语的词根,意为heart,AC-即AD-,后缀-ING可以用作构成动名词或名词,还可构成现在分词,此处是现在分词作副词,according在词典上标注的词性即为副词,意为“照,依,据,按”等,习惯上将according to视为一个介词,如:You still have to pay $100, according to our records.(根据我们的记录,你还要付100美金。)

  acronym中的NYM是源自希腊语的词根,意为name,前缀ACRO-意为height, summit; beginning,此处意为beginning,acronym意为“首字母缩略词”,如:NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.(NATO是北大西洋公约组织的英文首字母缩略词。)

  adaptation中的APT是源自拉丁语的词根,意为fit, to fit,后缀-ATION可以表示动作、状态或结果,此处表示动作,adaptation意为“适应;改编;适应性的改变;同化”等,如:The company’s adaptation to shifting consumer tastes has been a great success.(公司为适应变化的顾客品味而作出的改变非常成功。)

  addiction中的DICT是源自拉丁语的词根,意为to say, to tell, to speak,前缀AD-上文说过了,后缀-ION此处表示行为的状态,addiction意为“热衷,沉溺,嗜好;吸毒成瘾”等,如:Some weight problems are caused by an addiction to sugar and fat.(爱吃糖和脂肪是导致一些肥胖问题的原因之一。)

  adherent作adj.意为“依附…的;连生的”等(后用介词to),作n.意为“支持者,拥护者,信徒”等(后面的介词通常用of,偶尔也用to)。该词常以名词形式出现在句子中。该词中的HER是源自拉丁语的词根,意为to stick或to get stuck,前缀AD-与后缀-ENT的含义可参照前面的有关内容。例句:Our adherents were much more than our opponents and managed to shout them down repeatedly.(我们的支持者比反对者多得多,我们的喊声一次又一次压倒他们。)

  affinity中的FIN源自拉丁语,意为end或boundary,AF-即AD-,用于f前,后缀-ITY用于构成抽象名词,表示“性质”,“状态”,“程度”,affinity意为“姻亲关系,密切关系;(语言等的)类似,近似;(男女之间的)吸引力,吸引人的异性”等,如:Tom says he feels an affinity with Jenny.(汤姆说,他感到与珍妮之间有种吸引力。)/ There is a remarkable affinity between the two languages.(这两种语言极为相似。)

  agent这个词算是个常用词,其中AG源自拉丁语,意为do, go, lead, drive,后缀-ENT这里表示“动作者”,agent意为“行为者;原因,动因;代理人,代理商;事务官”等,如:Jack acts as an agent for the sales department.(杰克为销售部做代理。)/ Brown has been a major agent for change in the auto industry.(布朗成了汽车业变革的主要动因。)

agoraphobia的前半部分是个希腊语借词,agora指古希腊的大会场(尤指集市),后面一半的phobia也可独立成词,意为“(病态的)恐惧,憎恶”,phobia还可以作后缀,意思和-phobe差不多,只是-phobe常用于指“恐惧…的人,反对…的人,嫌(厌)恶…的人”,-phobia多指“对…的恐惧(嫌恶)”,agoraphobia意为“广场恐怖(症);旷野恐怖(症)”。用-phobia或-phobe结尾的词不少,具体含义虽前面一半含义的变化而变化,比如:hydrophobia,hydro-是个源自希腊语,意为water的前缀,因此词义即“恐水症”,指人就用hydrophobe;acrophobia即“恐高症”(acro-的含义参阅上文),指人即acrophobe,还有不少这样的词,大家可以自己收集归纳。

  alleviate中的词根LEV源自拉丁语,意为light(轻的)或to raise or lighten(升高或变轻),AL-也是AB-的变体,-ATE此处构成动词,LEV后面的i是构词时的补充成分,划分音节时归前,即al•le•vi•ate,alleviate作vt.,意为“减轻(痛苦等),缓和(愁苦等)”,如:Heavy rains in March alleviate the drought conditions.(三月的大雨减轻了干旱的情形。)

  

  alma mater是个拉丁语借词,alma意为nourishing(滋养的,滋补的);kind(亲切的),gracious(亲切的,和蔼的);mater意为mother或类似mother的人物,因此,就很好理解为什么在英语里alma mater意为“母校”了,在美语中,alma mater也指“校歌”。例句:Mr. George regularly returns his alma mater to encourage students to pursue their dreams.(乔治先生定期回母校去鼓励同学们,希望他们能追求自己的梦想。)

  ambivalent中的AMBI源自拉丁语,意为on both sides或around,VAL也是个词根,也源自拉丁语,意为strength,-ENT在这里表示形容词或名词,因此ambivalent即可作adj.也可作n.,作adj.意为“(对人或事物)有矛盾感情的”;作n.意为“两性人”,通常情况下都作为adj.来使用,如:She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job.(她似乎对新工作觉得很矛盾。)

  

  ambulance中,AMBUL源自拉丁语,意为to walk,-ANCE是个名词后缀,表示行动、状态、性质等,相对应的形容词后缀即-ANT;-ANCE还可接在动词之后构成名词,如resistance,utterance等。ambulance出除了我们最熟悉的“救护车,红十字车”的含义外,也指“救护船,救护飞机”,还指“野战医院”,ambulance的字面义就是“行动中的医院”。旧时美国西部有种供旅客乘坐的旅行车也被称为ambulance.

  amphitheater中的AMPHI跟AMBI含义相同,只是AMPHI源自希腊语,至于theater就不用解释了,amphitheater指的是古罗马时代的圆形剧场,竞技场,在现代指的是阶梯式的剧场或教室,还能用于指盆状地形,这种地形远看起来也蛮像古代的剧场。形容词形式为amphitheatric.

  

  analogous中的LOG源自希腊语,意为word, speech, reason. ANA-这个前缀的含义不少,可以表示“向上”,“向后”,“再一次”,“贯穿”,“类似”等,此处表示“类似”。后缀-OUS表示“多…的;…性的;有…癖的;有特质的;…似的;盛行…的”,如:joyous, rigorous, dangerous, nervous等;用于构成化学名词时,意为“亚…的”,如:nitrous acid,即“亚硝酸”。构成analogous的-OUS表示“…性的”,analogous意为“类似的,相似的”,用于生物学时意为“同功的,功能相同的”。例句:Jane’s findings are analogous with our own.(简的结论与我们自己得出的很相似。)

  anniversary结合了前缀ANN-,词根VERS,后缀-ARY,其中的i是为了构成音节而增加的。ANN-源自拉丁语,意为year;VERS也源自拉丁语,意为to turn;-ARY表示“…的,有关…的”或“…的人,物或场所”。 因此, anniversary的字面义即to turn yearly,其实际含义为“年年的,每年的;周年的,周年纪念的”,如:the theater’s 20th anniversary celebration;作名词使用时即意为“周年纪念(日)”,如:They celebrated their wedding anniversary.(他们举行了结婚周年庆祝。)

  

  antagonist中ANT-为前缀,是ANTI-的在元音之前的形式,源自希腊语,意为oppose, opposite;AGON也源自希腊语,意为contest,-IST构成名词时,表示动作的实践者,这里的antagonist就属于这类;还可表示“…主义者”,信仰者,如:Darwinist, Marxist, Machiavellist等;还能表示“专业人员”,如:dentist, psychologist等。因此,antagonist意为“敌手,反对者;对抗者”或“(戏剧、小说等的)反面人物”(这个含义的反义词为protagonist)。例句:During a strike, the representatives of labor and management become antagonists.(罢工期间,劳资双方的代表就成为针锋相对的较量者。)

  antebellum中的ANTE-意为“…前的,较…前的”,注意与ANTI-区别,BELL源自拉丁语,意为war,其实antebellum这个词是两个拉丁语词语结合而成的,拉丁语ante bellum的含义就是before the war,antebellum的词义即“战前的”,在美国,这个词特指“南北战争前的”,如:After the Civil War, they found it impossible to return to the extravagant antebellum way of life.(南北战争之后,他们发现想回到战前那种奢侈生活已经不可能了。)

  

  antecedent中的ANTE-上面说过了,CED源自拉丁语,意为to go或to proceed,-ENT上文也提过了,antecedent作adj.时意为“先行的,先前的;(逻辑)假定的,前提的”等;作n.时意为“先例,前例;(语法中的)先行词;(逻辑的)前提,前件”等,复数形式antecedents意为“经历,履历,学历”或“祖先”。例句:The harsh terms of the treaty that ended World War I are often said to have been antecedents of World War II.(通常认为,正是终止第一次世界大战的协议中严苛的条款孕育了第二次世界大战。)

  anthropomorphic这个词虽然有点长,但也不难记,其中ANTHROP源自希腊语,意为human being,MORPH也源自希腊语,意为shape,-IC意为“…似的,…性的”。ANTHROP与MORPH之间的字母o用于使单词的音节连贯。anthropomorphic意为“拟人的,人格化的”,如:The old, diseased tree had always been a companion to her, though she knew her anthropomorphic feelings about it were sentimental.(那棵已露病态的老树如同她的伴侣,尽管她清楚对它这种人格化的情感是感情用事。)

  

  antithesis是个希腊语借词,意为“对照,对立(面)”,在修辞学上意为“对语,对句”(比如:Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人,成事在天。)antithesis中的ANTI-这个成分亦可帮助我们理解该词的含义,thesis独立成词,也是希腊语借词,意为“论点,论题;作文,毕业论文,学位论文”;在逻辑学中指“命题,假设”;在音韵学中指现代诗韵中的抑音节或弱音节(反义词为arsis),而在古希腊、罗马诗中则指“扬音节”;在音乐中指“强声部”。将antithesis与thesis对比,有助记忆。例句:Happiness is the antithesis of sadness.(快乐是悲伤的对立面。)/ Michael wrote his master’s thesis on Roman architecture.(迈克尔的硕士论文以古罗马建筑为题。)

  apathetic中的前缀A-意为without或not,A-的变体为AN-;PATH源自拉丁语,意为suffering, feeling, disease,-ETIC可用于构成形容词或名词,apathetic,亦可写作apathetical,意为“无动于衷的,麻木不仁的,感觉迟钝的”,此含义的反义词为emotional;意为“无表情的,冷淡的”,此含义的反义词为concerned. 例句:Most people were just too apathetic to go out and vote.(多数人太无动于衷了,都懒得出门去投票。)

  

  apocryphal中的CRYPH,变体为CRYPT,源自希腊语,意为hidden,apocryphal为apocrypha的形容词,apocrypha意为“不足凭信的书;著者不明的书”,首字母a大写时,Apocrypha指《圣经》的《旧约》中的次经,即不见于希伯来文原本圣经的部分。apocryphal意为“真实性受到怀疑的”,如:His story, they now realized, was completely apocryphal.(他们现在发现,他所做的描述完全不真实。)

  appeal中前缀AP-是AD-的变体,AD-意为toward, to,PEAL是源自拉丁语的词根PEL的一个不常见的变体,PEL有个常见的变体PULS,下文会说到含有PEL与PULS的单词,PEL意为to push, to drive,appeal作vi.意为:呼吁,要求;诉诸于,向…求助(常与to连用);投合…心意,对…有吸引力(常与to连用),作为法律用语时,意为“控诉,上诉”,也常与to连用;作n.意为“呼吁(书),恳求;控诉;起诉,上诉;魅力,吸引力”等,如:The police are appealing to the public for information.(警方呼吁大众提供线索。)/ The defendant is planning to appeal.(被告正在计划上诉。)/ His art has wide appeal.(他的艺术广受青睐。)

  

  appease中的AP-参照上文,PEAS,另有同义词根PAC,均源自拉丁语,意为agree或peace,appease意为“平息(愤怒),缓和(情绪),劝慰,抚慰;对…让步,安抚,姑息;绥靖;充(饥),果(腹),解(渴),满足(欲望)”等,如:The move was widely seen as an attempt to appease the critics of the regime.(这一举措被广泛视为是企图对政权批评者们进行的安抚。)

  apprehend中PREHEND,或PREHENS,源自拉丁语,意为to seize,AP-参照上文,apprehend作vt.意为“理解,领悟;逮捕,捉拿;拘押;怕,忧虑”等;作vi.意为“理解,领悟;忧虑,害怕”,如:The police apprehended more than 500 undocumented workers today.(警方今天逮捕了超过500名无照工人。)

  

  aquamarine由三个部分组成,AQUA源自拉丁语,意为water;MAR也源自拉丁语,意为sea;-INE是个用处很多的后缀,构成名词或形容词时,表示“…属的”,“…似的”,“…性质的”,aquamarine就属于这一类;加在科学术语中的专有名词之后构成形容词时,表示“含…的”,“…成的”,如:bromine, amine, saturnine等;可构成用于表示女性的名词,用于称呼,如常见的heroine;构成抽象名词时,表示带有技术、处置、行为等抽象意义,如:discipline, doctrine等;也可构成表示“六节的杂环”,“生物碱”等的化学名词,如:caffeine, quinine等;还可用以构成表示“小”的名词,此意由意大利语的后缀-INO, -INA转化而来,如:mandoline, figurine等。aquamarine指海蓝宝石,蓝晶或海蓝色。

  archaeologist为archaeology(也写作archeology)的派生词,-OLOGY,或-LOGY,源自希腊语,意为the study of…,用于构成学科名称或哲学抽象名词等。ARCHAEO/ARCHEO/ARCHA源自希腊语,意为beginning;-IST构成名词表示动作的实践者(protagonist, tourist);…主义者,信仰者(colonist, imperialist);专业人员(dentist, florist, violinist),在archaeologist中的-IST就表示“专业人员”,即“考古学家”。

  

  aristocrat中的CRAT源自希腊语,意为governor, ruler,与CRAT联系密切的CRACY系出同源,意为government, rule,即以CRAT结尾的之人,以CRACY结尾的指一种统治或ZF性质;ARISTO也源自希腊语,意为best,aristocrat意为“贵族;贵族政治论者;有贵族派头的人”,aristocracy意为“贵族政治/ZF,贵族统治的国家;贵族派头,贵族做派”,the aristocracy作为集合名词,指“贵族,贵族阶层,上层阶级,第一流人物”等。

  artifact,也作artefact,其中FACT源自拉丁语,意为to do, to make,ART亦源自拉丁语,意即art(人工),ART与FACT之间的字母i或e,作为这两个部分的连接部分,也能使单词读起来音节更完整。artifact意为“人工制品”,尤其指“原始工具”,如:Egyptian artifacts;而在生物学中,指组织结构的人为现象。

  

  ascendancy,亦作ascendency,也可写作ascendance或ascendence,其中的SCEND,也作SCAND,源自拉丁语,意为to climb,常见的ascend/descend(go up/go down)这对反义词即来自这一词根。前缀A-即AD-,前参阅上文相关内容;-ANCY是-ANCE的另一形式,-ANCE是个名词后缀,表示行动、状态、性质等,这里的-ENCY, -ENCE与-ANCY, -ANCE含义相同。ascendancy意为“优势;权势;主权”等,如:The United States gained ascendancy after World War II.(美国在二战之后取得了世界霸权。)

  assimilate中的SIMIL,也作SIMUL,源自拉丁语,意为like, resembling, similar;AS-即AD-的变体;-ATE构成动词时,表示“成为…”(evaporate);“使化合;处理”(oxygenate, vaccinate)或是表示原取自拉丁语的过去分词与其他词干的结合(actuate, agitate),assimilate中的-ATE就是最后这种情况。assimilate意为“同化;使相似,使相同;将(A)比作(B)(与to, with连用);消化,吸收;使(语言)融合”等,如:Many ethnic groups have been assimilated into American society.(许多少数民族的族群已经融入了美国社会。)/ She began to assimilate classical influences into her jazz performance.(她开始将古典音乐的影响融入爵士乐的演奏之中。)

  

  astringent中的STRING,也作STRICT,源自拉丁语,意为to draw tight, bind或tie,这两个词根同时也是两个基本英语单词;前缀A-的含义很多,可以表示加强(abide, arise, awake),可以表示on, in, to, into之意(afoot = on foot, aside = to one side, aback = backward, abed = in bed, asunder = into pieces, asleep = in sleep, etc.),可以表示of(akin即of kin,anew即of new),可以表示from(abridge),可以表示out(amend),也可表示not(achromatic, amoral, asexual),astringent中的A-表示加强;-ENT的含义参阅上文。astringent意为“严厉的,严格的”,用于医学方面时意为“收敛的,止血的”,如:He wrote an astringent, humorous novel.(他写了一本犀利而又幽默的小说。)astringent也可作名词,指医用的“收敛剂,止血药”。

  astronomical是astronomy的adj.形式,ASTRO,或ASTR/ASTER,源自希腊语,表示“外太空,宇宙,天体,天文,星”,如常见的astrology(占星术,星相学)即源自于此,-NOMY也源自希腊语,意为“法”,“学”,如常见的economy(经济;节约)就以此为后缀,后缀-ICAL用于构成形容词,表示“…的”,“…似的”(chemical, economical, musical, etc.),astronomy意为“天文学”,因此astronomical即“天文学的,天文学上的”,口语中意为“(数字等)庞大的”,也作astronomic,如:The costs of land for building are astronomical.(买地建房的花费很庞大。)

  

  atmosphere中的ATMO-源自希腊语,表示“气,蒸气”,如atmometer即指(测定水的蒸发速度的)蒸发计,汽化计;SPHER也源自希腊语,意为ball,如biosphere, spherical等,atmosphere意为“大气;大气层;空气;环境;气氛;(艺术作品的)基调;风格”等,如:An atmosphere of mistrust has slowed the peace talks.(怀疑的氛围延缓了和谈。)/ There’s a smoky atmosphere in the room.(房间里满是烟。)

  attenuate中的AT-也是AD-的变体;TENU,或TEN,源自拉丁语,意为thin, stretch, hold,其实这几个含义是相关的,某物可以通过stretch,变得thin,从而易于hold;-ATE此处也是构成动词,参阅上文相关内容。attenuate意为“使变稀薄,稀释;变稀薄;弄细,弄薄;变细,变薄;使减弱;减弱,变弱”等,如:Now that we have been out of touch for so many years, our friendship is so attenuated that I couldn’t ask her for a favor.(由于我们多年没联系了,如此疏远,让我无法开口让她帮忙。)

  

  auctioneer中的AUCT,或AUC,也作AUG, AUT,源自拉丁语,意为increase;-ION表示行为;-EER表示“从事…的人”(mountaineer, pioneer),auctioneer为“拍卖人”,派生自auction,意为“拍卖,标售”,在桥牌里指“拍卖玩法”(即auction bridge),英国人对Dutch是很不客气的,a Dutch auction指的是喊价逐步减低的拍卖。例句:The painting was sold at auction for $350,000.(这幅画以35万美元的拍卖价成交。)

  auditorium中的AUDIT,或AUD/AUDI,源自拉丁语,意为hear, hearing;此处的-OR表示“…人/物”,这种用法出现在拉丁语系动词,尤其是以-ATE结尾的动词之后,代替英语原有的以-ER结尾的词,或-ER, -OR两者并用,并用时有时-OR比较具有专门性的意义(detector, elevator, inventor, tailor, sailor),auditor即“听者”,也指“会计检查官,查账员,审计员”,,美语中指“旁听生”;-IUM用于构成名词,表示“场所”是比较少见的,绝大多数都用于表示化学元素的拉丁名字(sodium, ionium)或表示正离子(ammonium, carbonium),auditorium (pl. ~s, -ria) 意为“听众席,观众席”,美语中指“讲堂,教室;会厅,大会堂,大礼堂”。

  

  august一词直接来自拉丁语词augustus,其中意为increase的词根AUG即源于此,古罗马皇帝屋大维(Octavian)称谓中的Augustus(奥古斯特)亦源于此,从他的名字还诞生了八月(August)的名称,august意为“尊严的,威严的;威风凛凛的;堂堂的,雄赳赳的”,如:There’s an august group of statesmen in the auditorium.(大礼堂里坐着一群德高望重的政治家。)

  automobile中AUTO-意为“自,自己,自身”(autobiographer);“自动”(automatic),automobile的AUTO-即为此意;“汽车”(autocade);MOB,或MOV, MOT,源自拉丁语,意为to move;-ILE可作形容词或名词后缀,即只表示词性,无实意。automobile意为“汽车”,主要用于美国;作vi.意为“开汽车;坐汽车”;作adj.意为“自动的”,如:The automobile industry seems prosperous here.(这里的汽车业看起来很繁荣。)

  

  

  B打头的单词有7个:

  

  beautify的重点在于后缀-FY,是个动词标志,源自拉丁语,表示“弄成”,“变成”,“…化”(clarify, glorify, magnify, purify, qualify, satisfy, specify, etc.),-FY结尾的动词,名词形式多为-FICATION(clarification, glorification, magnification, purification, qualification, satisfaction, specification, etc.),beautify意为“使美丽,美化;修饰,装饰”(名词形式即beautification),如:Their efforts to beautify the neighborhood are praised highly.(他们为美化邻里付出的努力获得了高度赞许。)

  benevolent中的BENE,也作BON, BONO,源自拉丁语,意为good, well;VOL意为to wish;关于-ENT请参阅上文,benevolent意为“仁爱的,仁慈的;慈善的;亲切的,善意的”等,如:Her father is a benevolent, kindly man.(她爸爸是个仁慈亲切的人。)

  

  bespectacled中的BE-为BI-的变体,BI-(或BIN-)源自拉丁语,意为two, twice;SPECTACLE独立成词,复数形式spectacles意为“眼镜”,源自意为to look的词根SPEC(另一形式SPIC),SPEC/SPIC源自拉丁语;spectacled即为“戴着眼镜的”,与bespectacled同义;后缀-ED除了用于形成规则动词的过去式及过去分词,另一个情况即此处的,接在名词之后形成“…的”,“有…的”等意义的形容词,如pointed, winged等。例句:There’s a bespectacled senior gentleman sitting on the chair.(椅子上坐着一位戴眼镜的老绅士。)

  bibliophile中的BIBLIO,也作BIBL,源自希腊语,意为“书籍的;圣经的”(biblical, bibliography);PHIL/PHILE用于词尾常为-phile形式,可作adj.后缀,意为“对…有好意”,“爱好”,“亲”(anglophile, philosophy);作n.后缀时表示“对…有好意者”,“爱好…者”(anglophile, Francophile, Russophile),bibliophile也是个n.,意为“书籍爱好者,藏书家”,一般平时都用booklover来表达bibliophile.

  

  bilingual中,前缀BI-参阅上文;LINGU源自拉丁语,意为tongue, language,(lingual, linguistics)而我们熟悉的language一词中的LANGU即LINGU变体;后缀-AL构成adj.时,表示“…的”,“有…性质的”,“…特有的”(occasional, personal, sentimental);也可加在动词之后构成名词(arrival, removal)。bilingual作adj.意为“两国语言的,双语的;能讲两国话的,会说双语的;用双语书写/印刷的”等;作n.意为“能讲两国话的人,会说双语的人”,如:Their kids are completely bilingual.(他们的孩子都会说双语。)/ She bought a bilingual dictionary this morning.(她早上买了本双语词典。)

  biodegradable中的BIO源自希腊语,意为life, living organism(生活,生命,活体组织)(biology, biography);源自拉丁语的DE-,其含义不少,可表示“离开”,“出去”(depart, depilate, derail);可表示“向下”(decline, depress, descend);可表示“完全”(delete, defunct);还可表示“相反”,“解除”(deconstruct, decode, defrost);GRAD,或作GRESS,源自拉丁语,意为step, degree, to step, to walk(congress, grade, gradual, progress);-ABLE,或作-IBLE,亦源自拉丁语,接在动词之后构成adj.,意为“能…的”,“适于…的”(capable, bearable, salable);“易…的”(breakable, changeable, lovable),另外,以-ate结尾的、三个音节以上的拉丁语系动词加上-ABLE之前应先略去-ate,如:educate – educable. 与-ABLE对应的adv.后缀为-ABLY. biodegradable意为“生物降解的,使被微生物破坏的”,对应的vi.为biodegrade.

  bureaucracy中的CRACY在前文说过了,不过大家有必要留意一下以CRACY结尾的单词,这些单词的词义随着前半部分的不同而有所区别,如上文提过的aristocracy,此外还有autocracy(独裁政权,独裁ZF),democracy(民主政体,民主),plutocracy(富豪政治,财阀统治),theocracy(神权国家,僧侣统治),而bureaucracy意为“官僚主义;官僚政治,官僚机构”,也作为意指“官僚”的集合名词;对应的bureaucrat即“官僚主义者;官僚派头的人;官僚,官吏,the bureaucrats即bureaucracy(官僚)。biodegradable: People prefer using biodegradable packages nowadays.(如今人们更喜欢使用以生物降解的包装。)bureaucracy: The company's huge bureaucracy limits creativity and independent thinking.(这家公司庞大的官僚系统限制了员工的创造性与独立思考。)

  capacity中的CAP,变体有好几个:CIP, CEPT, CEIVE, CUP,源自拉丁语,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture;-ACITY表示“有…倾向”(loquacity, pugnacity),capacity意为“包容力,吸收力;容积;能力,才干;性能;地位,资格;生产额;(最大)产量”等;用于电学指“电容,负载量”;用于法律指“法定资格,权力,权能”,如:The theater has a seating capacity of 1,500 people.(这个剧院能坐1500人。)/ The right person for the job must show a capacity to work independently.(胜任工作的人一定会显示出独立的工作能力。)/ The engine had been running at full capacity.(发动机一直全负荷运转。)

  

  capitalism中的CAPIT源自拉丁语,意为head, main;-AL的含义参照上文;-ISM用以构成抽象名词,可表示“主义”,“学说”,“信仰”,“制度”,capitalism中的-ISM即为此意,又如(Darwinism, Marxism, pacifism);可表示“行为”,“行动”(criticism, terrorism, vandalism);可表示“状态”(barbarism, pauperism);可表示“特征”,“特性”(Americanism, Latinism);还可表示“病态”(alcoholism)。capitalism意为“资本主义,资本主义制度”,如:This essay is on the growth of industrial capitalism in the West.(这篇论文是有关西方工业资本主义发展的。)

  cartographer源自法语词cartographie,中的CARTO-即源自法语词carte,意为chart, map;GRAPH,也作GRAM,源自希腊语,意为to write;

  -ER是一个广泛使用的后缀,其用法如下:1.加在n., adj., v.与动词词组构成的复合词之后构成名词。(a)表示“…的人/动物/植物”(hunter, singer, swimmer, woodpecker);(b)表示“…的东西/器具/机械”,“…的事情”(eyeopener, gasburner);(c)表示“…的物质”,“…剂”(deodorizer);(d)表示“…(地方)的人”,“…居民”(New Yorker, southerner; cottager, villager);(e)表示“参与…的人”,“造…的人”,“…商”,“…研究者”,“…学者”(farmer, gardener, hatter, geographer);(f)用于近代口语中,(1)构成该动作的名词,如:backhander (= back-handed blow), diner (= dining car);(2)构成来自数词的名词,如sixer (= 5 pound [dollar] note), tenner;(3)使其他后缀的名词带有口语意味,如:Rugger (= Rugby football), Soccer (= association football);

  2.加在古法语名词或形容词之后(carpenter, potter, sampler);

  3.加在adj.或adv.之后构成比较级。(a)加在单音节adj.,或以-y, -ly, -le, -er, -ow结尾的双音节adj.,或其他少数adj.(尤其是重音在最后一个音节上的adj.)之后成为比较级(bigger, richer, lazier, likelier, tenderer, serener, narrower),但在古体诗及古体散文中,也有自由用其他形容词构成比较级的;(b)加在末音节不是-ly的(主要是与adj.同形的)adv.之后构成比较级(harder, faster, sooner);

  4.构成有动作意义的名词(rejoinder, supper);

  5.表示动作发生多次或反复发生,(a)原为动词,如:wander (< wend), waver (< wave);(b)原为拟声词(chatter, twitter, flicker, glitter)。

  cascade源自意为fall的意大利语词cascare,终极词源是拉丁语,词根CAS,或CAD/CID,即意为to fall, to happen,cascade作n.意为“瀑布;人工瀑布;瀑布状物;波形花边”等;作vt., vi.意为“(使阶式地)串接,串联”,有时意指“(使)成瀑布落下”,如:Kate is tall and slim with a cascade of dark curly hair.(凯特个子高,留着一头瀑布般的深色卷发。)/ The poison sets a cascade of events including shock, organ failure and often death.(毒药引发了一连串的反应,包括晕厥、脏器衰竭,常常以死亡告终。)/ Heavy rains caused a wall of mud to cascade down the hillside.(大雨冲垮了一堵泥墙,从山坡上泻下。)

  

  catalyst中的CATA源自希腊语,意为down(cataclysm, catacomb, catatonic);与catalyst相关的catalysis中的-LYSIS也源自希腊语,意为decomposition; dissolving;而lysis既是后缀,也独立成词(pl. lyses),在生物化学中指细胞或细菌融解,在医学中指病的渐退,消散或“松解术”。catalysis (pl. catalyses) 意为“接触反应,触媒作用,催化(作用)”;catalyst则意为“触媒,催化剂,接触剂(此意又作catalytic agent)”,用于比喻时即指“触发因素”,口语中指那种善于用热情、言语等打动他人的、有感染力的人。如:Their movement acted as a catalyst for change in the workplace.(他们的作为是让车间产生变化的诱因。)

  centenarian中的CENT源自拉丁文,意为one hundred(centenary, centennial, centimeter);EN即ENN/ANN,也源自拉丁语,意为year;后缀-ARIAN意为“…派的(人),…岁的(人)”(vegetarian, sexagenarian)。centenarian作n.意为“百岁(以上)的老人”;作adj.意为“百岁(以上)的;一百周年的”。

  

  centralize中的CENTR源自希腊语,意为center, middle(centrifuge, concentrate, eccentric, epicenter, ethnocentrism);-AL参照上文相关内容;后缀-IZE,构成vt.时,表示“使成为,使变成,使…化”(civilize, nationalize);“使变成…状,产生…”(crystallize, hypothesize);“像…似地从事活动;照…法处理”(bowdlerize, galvanize);“作…处理,使…渗透,使与…结合”(dramatize, iodize, oxidize);-IZE构成vi.时,表示“成为,变成,…化”(apostatize, sympathize)。-IZE的另一种形式为-ISE,在美语中多用-IZE,但下面的几个词英美均用-ISE:advertise, comprise, devise, revise, surprise. centralize作vt.意为“把(权力)集中;使(国家等)实行中央集权制;成为…的中心,把…集中起来”;作vi.意为“形成中心,集中”。如:Attempts to centralize the economy have failed.(对经济中央集权制的企图失败了。)

  certification中,CERTI-源自拉丁语,意为certain(certify, certitude);FIC曾在上文提到过,同义的还有FAC, FECT, FACT, FICT,都是同源词根,源自拉丁语,意为to do, to make;-ATION为名词后缀,表示动作(alteration, beautification, clarification);表示状态(gratification, moderation);表示结果(acculturation, compilation)。certification意为“证明,鉴定,保证;证明书的发给,执照的授予;证明书”,如:Additional funds are needed for training and certification of healthcare workers.(健康护理工作人员的培训和认证需要另外的款项。)/ the certification of exam modules(检验系数证明书)

  

  choregraphy(英式拼写为choreography)中的CHORE-/CHOREO-源自希腊语,意为choral dance(chorea, choreic);GRAPH参阅上文;这里的后缀-Y加在动词之后构成名词,表示“动作”,“行为”等(entreaty, inquiry, laundry)。choregraphy意为“舞蹈(尤指芭蕾舞)编写法,舞蹈设计;(芭蕾)舞蹈艺术,舞蹈表演”,从事这一事业的人就是choreographer.

  chronometer中的CHRONO,或CHRON,源自希腊语,意为time(chronic, chronological, synchronize);METER,或METR,也源自希腊语,意为to measure(asymmetric, geometry, thermometer)。chronometer意为“精密计时表;航海时计,经线仪;天文钟”,也指音乐的“拍节机”。

  

  circuitous中的CIRCUIT,也作CIRTU/CIRCUM,源自拉丁语,意为around(circumambulate, circumference, circumspect);后缀-OUS参见上文相关内容,circuitous意为“绕行的,迂回的;间接的,迂远的”,如:The river suns a circuitous course.(这条河绕来绕去。)/ Brown took a circuitous route to academic life; he was a musician and a plumber first.(布朗过上做学问的日子颇费周折,他最早是乐师,还做过管子工。)

  circumference中的CIRCUM参见上文;FER源自拉丁语,意为to bear, to carry(conference, different, prefer, transfer);-ENCE是与后缀-ENT相对应的名词后缀,表示“动作”、“性质”、“状态”等(absence, dependence, diligence, emergence, indulgence)。circumference意为“四周,周围;圆周;圈线;周线”,如:The column is 1 meter in circumference.(这根柱子周长一米。)

  

  closure中的CLOS,也作CLOSE (disclose), CLUD (conclude, include, preclude), CLUS (conclusive, exclusive, seclusion), CLAUS (clause, claustrophobia),源自拉丁语,意为to close, to shut;后缀-URE用于动词之后构成名词,表示:动作(censure, erasure);结果(creature);效用,职务(judicature);集合体,作用体(legislature)。closure含义很多,作n.意为“关闭,停业;截止;末尾,结束;(英国议会里的)终止辩论(即美式用法的cloture);闭塞物;(建筑的)隔板;围墙;填塞砖;(航空上的)节气门;(数学上的)闭包;(机械工程方面的)锁合;(电学中的)闭合;(地质学的)闭合度”;作vt.意为“使结束,使停止辩论”,如:Several military bases are threatened with closure.(一些军事基地有被关闭的危险。)/ There will be road closures and diversions in the area from 9 p.m.(这个地区将在晚上9点封闭道路,车辆必须绕行。)

  codicil中的CODI,也作CODE(codex, decode),源自拉丁语,意为trunk of a tree, document written on wooden tablets;词中的-CIL这个部分表示指小形式,a codicil的字面义即a little codicil,一如pencil源自拉丁文,原指small brush. codicil意为“附注;备考,附录”,用于法律指“遗嘱的附录”。

  cohesion中的CO-是个很常见的前缀,意指“与,共同,共通,相互”(coeducation, coheir, coauthor);“辅,陪;(用于数学、天文学)余,补”(cosine, cotangent);“副”(co-flyer, copilot);HES,也作HER(adherent, incoherent, inherent),源自拉丁语,意为to stick, to get stuck;-ION参见上文相关内容,此处指行为的过程。cohesion意为“(各部的)结合;(物理学中)(分子的)凝聚,内聚,内聚力,内聚性;(作比喻时)结合力,团结;(植物的)连着”等,如:His article comments on the lack of cohesion and commitment of the administration.(他的文章对于行政当局的涣散和违诺进行了评述。)

  codicil中的CODI,也作CODE(codex, decode),源自拉丁语,意为trunk of a tree, document written on wooden tablets;词中的-CIL这个部分表示指小形式,a codicil的字面义即a little codicil,一如pencil源自拉丁文,原指small brush. codicil意为“附注;备考,附录”,用于法律指“遗嘱的附录”。

  cohesion中的CO-是个很常见的前缀,意指“与,共同,共通,相互”(coeducation, coheir, coauthor);“辅,陪;(用于数学、天文学)余,补”(cosine, cotangent);“副”(co-flyer, copilot);HES,也作HER(adherent, incoherent, inherent),源自拉丁语,意为to stick, to get stuck;-ION参见上文相关内容,此处指行为的过程。cohesion意为“(各部的)结合;(物理学中)(分子的)凝聚,内聚,内聚力,内聚性;(作比喻时)结合力,团结;(植物的)连着”等,如:His article comments on the lack of cohesion and commitment of the administration.(他的文章对于行政当局的涣散和违诺进行了评述。)

  collapse中的COL-即COM-的变体,COM-意为“与,共,总共,全,等”,在b, p, m前用COM-;在l前改用COL-;在r前改用COR-;在母音及h, gn前改用CO-;在其他情况之下用CON-. LAPS源自拉丁语,意为to slip, to fall(elapse, prolapse, relapse),collapse的含义很多,作vi.时可以指建筑物屋顶的倒塌,塌下;ZF等的崩溃,瓦解;也可以指价格的暴跌;计划的失败;身体、健康等的衰退,消沉,颓丧;还可指用具等的折叠,压扁;压缩,等等;作vt.时意为“使倒塌;使崩溃,使衰弱;折叠”等;还可作n.,即“倒塌,崩溃,衰弱;(价格等的)暴跌;(用于医学)虚脱;萎陷”等。例句:The U.S. auto industry nearly collapsed due to increased foreign competition.(由于国外同行增强了竞争,美国的汽车工业几近崩溃。)/ He finally took a break and collapsed in a chair.(他终于要休息片刻,整个人瘫在了椅子里。)

  

  collusion中的COL-参见上文;LUS,也作LUD(allude, interlude, prelude),源自拉丁语,意为to play; play or game;-ION亦参见上文。collusion意为“共谋;互相勾结”,如:The police were operating in collusion with the drug dealers.(警方与毒品贩子串通行动。)

  commendation中的前缀COM-与后缀-ATION均参见上文相关内容;MEND,也作MAND,源自拉丁语,意为entrust或order(command, mandate, recommendation),commendation意为“称赞,赞美;推荐;奖品”,旧时也指“赞词,祝词,问候”,如:He’s awarded a commendation for exceptional bravery in rescuing three children from the fire.(他出奇勇敢地从火中救出3名孩子,因此获得了公众的称赞。)

  

  compatriot中的COM-参见上文;PATRI,也作PATR/PATER,源自拉丁语,意为father(paternal, patriarchy, patriotism, patronize, repatriation);-OT意为person. compatriot作n.意为“同国人,同胞”;作adj.意为“同国的”,在compatriot之后加上-IC后也是其adj.形式。例句:They joined their compatriots in America after fleeing Germany.(他们从德国逃出之后,加入了在美国的同胞行列。)

  complaisant中的COM-参见上文;PLAIS,也作PLAC(placebo, placidity, implacable),源自拉丁文,意为to please or be agreeable或to soothe or calm,另外,我们熟悉的pleasant, pleasure, pleasing这些词也是源自这个词根的;-ANT表示“…性的”(adj.),“…的人/物”(n.),complaisant中的-ANT作adj.后缀。complaisant意为“殷勤的;恳切的;讨好的”,对应的n.为complaisance,adv.为complaisantly. 例句:The legislature has been criticized for being too complaisant, agreeing everything the administration wanted.(由于过分讨好行政当局,有求必应,立法机构一直受到批评。)

  

  condone中的CON-参见上文;DON,也作DAT,源自拉丁语,意为to give(data, date, donate, donor),condone意为“宽恕,宽容(配偶的通奸行为);用(行动、事实)抵消(罪行),赎罪”,如:Some parents feel that making birth control available to teenagers somehow condones sexual activity.(一些父母认为,想点办法让青少年懂得如何避孕,以宽恕子女可能的性行为。)

  conjugal中的CON-参见上文;JUG,也作JUNC/JUNCT/JOIN,意为to join, to marry, to mate(adjunct, disjunction, enjoin, subjugate);-AL参见上文,此处表示adj.,conjugal意为“婚姻上的,夫妇(间)的”,只用于n.之前,如: conjugal affection/love(夫妇爱)/ conjugal laws(婚姻法)/ conjugal understanding(婚约)/ conjugal visit(配偶探视)

  

  constrict中的CON-参见上文;STRICT,也作STRING,意为to draw, tight, bind, or tie(strict, string, astringent),constrict意为“压缩,使收缩;妨害,阻碍”,如:Avoid clothing that constricts the blood circulation in your legs.(避免穿着使腿血液循环不畅的服装。)/ The law constricts people’s choices about the government.(法律阻碍了人民选择不同的ZF。)

  contortionist中的CON-, -ION, -IST均参见上文;TORT,或TOR,源自拉丁语,意为to twist(distort, extort, retort, torque, tortuous),contortionist意为“柔软杂技演员;(语义的)曲解者”,是contortion的派生词,名词contortion又派生自动词contort,contort意为“扭,扭歪,拧弯;曲解(文义等)”;contortion意为“扭弯,扭歪;曲解”,用于医学时意为“捩转,转位,脱节”,如:The guy’s face was contorted with pain.(那人的脸由于痛苦而扭曲。)/ Some bills go through numerous legislative contortions before they are approved.(一些法案通过之前要经过立法上许许多多的妥协。)

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FrederickE 发表于 2008-9-3 04:59:00 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群

  contraband中的前缀CONTRA-源自拉丁语,意为“反,逆,抗,对应”等;contraband源自意大利语词contrabbando,其中的bando意为proclamation. contraband作n.意为“非法买卖/运输;走私;(战时的)禁运品(= contraband of war);走私品,私货”,用于美国历史中时,指南北战争时私逃投奔或被秘密运往北方军的黑人;作adj.意为“禁运的,非法的”,加上-IST,contrabandist即“买卖走私品者;走私者”。例句:He makes money by selling contraband cigarettes.(他靠卖走私烟赚钱。)
  corruption中的COR-即CON-,以及-ION参见上文;RUPT源自拉丁语,意为to break(abrupt, bankrupt, disrupt, erupt, interrupt, rupture),corruption意为“腐败,堕落,败坏;恶化;贪污,舞弊,贿赂;(文献等的)讹误;[用于语言学]传讹”,美语中还指“脓”,如:The government has been accused of corruption and abuse of power.(政府因腐败和滥权备受谴责。)/ The word Thursday is a corruption of Thor’s Day.(Thursday一词讹变自Thor’s Day.)
  
  counterclaim中,COUNTER-源自拉丁语,意为“反对,反,逆,防;对应,补,副”(counteract, counterattack, counterclockwise);这里的CLAIM即可视为独立单词,亦可视为词根,CLAIM作为词根也作CLAM,源自拉丁语,意为to shout, to cry out(acclaim, clamor, declaim, exclamation, proclamation, reclamation),counterclaim可作n., vi., vt.,意为“(提出)反要求;反诉”,如:Amid all the claims and counterclaims it was hard to say who was telling the truth.(在所有针锋相对的主张中,很难判断谁在说实话。)
  covenant中的CO-即CON-,参见上文;VEN,或VENT,源自拉丁语,意为to come(advent, circumvent, convention, eventually, prevent, souvenir, venture);后缀-ANT可表示“…性的”(conversant, expectant, stimulant);“…的人/物”(servant, stimulant),covenant中的-ANT表示后者。covenant作n.意为“协定,协议;协议书,协定条款”;作vi., vt.意为“(订)协定,缔结盟约”,此意常与with; for; to do; that等连用。例句:All profits are covenanted to the medical charities.(根据协议,所有利润都用于医疗的慈善事业。)
  
  credible中的CRED源自拉丁语,意为to believe(accredit, credential, creditor, credulous, discreditable);-IBLE即-ABLE,参见上文,credible意为“可信的,可靠的”,反义词即incredible. 例句:Is he a credible witness?(他是个可靠的目击者吗?)
  cryptography中的CRYPT,或CRYPTO,另有CRYPH形式,源自希腊语,意为hidden,CRYPT本身即可独立成词,亦源自CRYPT的还有cryptic等;GRAPH与后缀-Y参见上文相关内容;词中的字母o为“中缀”,意为of,直接作用是使音节完整、发音连续,亦可将o视为CRYPTO的一部分。cryptography意为“密码学,密码翻译术;密写术”,对应的专业人员即cryptographer,即“密码员(包括译电员;编码员);暗号使用者”。
  
  currency中的CURR,也作CUR,亦为CURS, COURS(concourse, corridor, curriculum, cursive, incur, occur, recur);-ENCY是表示“性质”、“状态”的名词性后缀(agency, complacency, dependency)。currency意为“通货;通用,流通,流传,传播;市价,行情;流通时间”,如:The local currency is US dollar.(本地使用的通货是美元。)/ The idea of time travel enjoys wide currency in 20th century fiction.(时间穿梭的概念在20世纪的小说中十分盛行。)
 decode中的DE-参见上文,此处意为“解除”;CODE,也作CODI,上文也曾介绍了,CODE亦可独立成词。decode意为“译码;解码;译出指令”(反义词即encode),如:The Allies were able to decode many enemy messages.(同盟国破译了许多敌人的信息。)
  
  decriminalize中的DE-亦参见上文,-AL, -IZE亦然;CRIMIN,亦为CRIM,源自拉丁语,意为fault or crime或accusation(crime, criminal, criminology, incriminate, recrimination). decriminalize意为“取消或降低(某行为/事物)的犯罪性定位;取消或降低(对于某种非法行为的)惩罚”,如:Some lawmakers believes marijuana use should be decriminalized.(一些立法者认为应当降低对于吸食大麻的惩罚。)
  demitasse是个法语借词,其中的DEMI-,是个法语前缀,意为half,与DEMI-含义相同的英语前缀还有HEMI-/SEMI-,HEMI-源自希腊语;SEMI-源自拉丁语(demigod, demilune, hemiplegia, hemisphere, semicircle, semicolon, semiconductor, semitone)。Demitasse指“小咖啡杯”或“一小杯咖啡”。
  
  depression中的DE-,在此意为“向下”;-ION参加上文;PRESS既是词根,亦可独立成词,源自拉丁语,意为to press(compress, express, impress, oppress, pressure, suppress),depression含义很多,都源自基本的“压低,降低,陷落”,用于形容地貌,指“凹洼;洼地,沉降地”;用于经济,指“不景气,萧条,不振”;用于心情,指“沮丧,消沉”;其他的含义还有“低气压”,测量学中的“俯角”,病理学中的“机能降低,抑郁症”等,如:He went into a deep depression when his wife died.(妻子去世了,他变得极为消沉。)/ More and more people suffer from clinical depression.(越来越多的人承受着(药物带来的)临床抑郁的痛苦。)
  derogatory中的DE-参见上文,在此意为“除去”;ROG源自拉丁语,意为to ask, to propose(abrogate, arrogate, interrogate, prerogative, surrogate);后缀-ATORY表示“具有…特征的”;“由…产生的”(laudatory, observatory),derogatory意为“减损…的,毁损(名誉)的;有伤品格的”,如:His remark was derogatory from authority.(他的言论有损权威。)/ “Cracker” is a derogatory term for a poor Southern white man.(Cracker是对(美国)南方白人穷人的贬称。)
  
  descant中的DES-意为two或apart;CANT源自拉丁语,意为sing(cantata, cantor, incantation),从法语进入英语的同根词多了字母h,如chant, chantey等。descant有两种含义:其一,作n.用于诗歌,意为“歌曲,曲调”,用于音乐指“童高音”;作vi.意为“唱歌”,;其二,既是n.也是vi.,意为“详谈,评论”,常与on或upon连用,如:We descanted on the wonders of nature at the peak of the mountain.(我们在山顶畅谈大自然的奇迹。)
  detest中的DE-参见上文,在此意为“离开”;TEST源自拉丁语,意为to witness(attest, contest, intestate, protest, testify, testimony),detest意为“嫌恶,憎恶,嫌”,如:The other girls detested her.(其他的女生都讨厌她。)
  
  diagnosis中的DIA-(后接元音时写作DI-)表示“通过”,“横过”(diaphragm, diagonal);“分离”(diagnose, diacritical);GNO,也作GNI,源自希腊语与拉丁语,意为to know(cognitive, ignorant, incognito, prognosis, recognize);后缀-OSIS表示“过程”、“状态”,常用于病名(cyanosis, metamorphosis, neurosis, osmosis)。diagnosis (pl. diagnoses) 意为“诊断;调查分析,判断”,生物学分类学上的“特征简述”,如:a diagnosis of heart disease(心脏病的诊断)/ Dr. Jason was unable to make a diagnosis.(杰森医生没法作出判断。)
  diagram中的DIA-参见上文;GRAM即GRAPH的变体,参见上文(biographer, epigraph, grammar, graphology, monogram, monograph, orthography, program, telegram, telegraph),diagram作n.意为“图,图形,图解”或数学上的“作图”;作vt.意为“用图表示,图解”,如:a diagram of the building’s air-conditioning system(本建筑的空调系统示意图)/ The grammar teacher diagrammed a sample sentence for us.(语法老师给我们解析了一个例句。)
  
  dimension中的前缀DI-意为“二,双,二重,二倍”(diarchy, digraph, dioxide);MENS源自拉丁语,意为measure(commensurate, immensity, mensurable);-ION参加上文。dimension意为“尺寸”;数学的“次元,度(数),维(数)”;物理学的“因次,量网”;复数形式dimensions意为“容积;面积;大小,规模,范围”,口语中dimensions指女性的三围(胸腰臀)尺寸。例句:Kate always paid attention to personal dimension of issues at work.(凯特在工作中总是关注事情的个人化层面。)/ The use of perspective allows us to represent three dimensions on a flat page.(透视法的运用使我们能在平平的一页纸上表现出三维空间。)
  discourse中的DIS-作动词前缀时表示“离开”,“分离”(dismiss, disperse);“剥夺”,“除去”(disfranchise, disfrock, disbar);“相反”(disable, disfavor);“未能”,“停止”,“拒绝”(disallow, disappear, dissatisfy);作形容词前缀时表示“不”,“非”,“相反”(dishonest, displeasing, dissatisfied, dissimilar);作名词前缀时表示“相反”,“缺少”(disfavor, disinterest, disease, disunion),discourse中的DIS-含有“用不同方式”之意;COURS即CURR的一个变体形式,参见上文(concourse, concurrent, course, curriculum, cursive, cursory, excursion, occurrence, precursor, recur),discourse作名词意为“演说;讲稿;论说,论文”,宗教上的“讲道,说教”;作动词意为“讲演,论说(常与on, upon, of连用),说教,讲道;写论文,写讲稿;谈,讲,谈论”。例句:Racist language is not acceptable in public discourse.(公开演讲时出现种族言论是不可接受的。)/ President discoursed on his view of the political situation.(总统根据他对政治形势的看法发表了演说。)
  
  disingenuous中的DIS-不同于上文,此处相当于DI-,意为from;IN-意为not;GENU即GEN,有变体GIN, GENI, GENIT, GENT, GN,源自希腊语和拉丁语,意为birth, gender, family, kind, race(aboriginal, congenial, degenerate, engender, genealogist, generalize, generation, genesis, genetics, genital, gentleman, genuine, homogenous, ingenious, originality, pregnant, progenitor, regenerate, etc.);-OUS参见上文,disingenuous意为“不真诚的,无诚意的,虚伪的;奸诈的,阴险的”,如:It’s disingenuous of politicians to blame journalists for leaks that appear in the press.(记者们在传媒上造成了疏漏,政客们对此批评是居心叵测的。)
  disprove中的DIS-参见上文,在此表示否定、反义;PROV,也作PROB,源自拉丁语,意为prove or proof或honesty or integrity(approbation, probate, probity, prove, reprobate),disprove与prove为一对反义词,disprove意为“证明…不成立,给与…反证;驳斥,反驳”,如:Only they have the information which can disprove these claims.(只有他们有可以证明这些索赔不能成立的信息。)
  
  disputatious中的DIS-参见上文,在此为形容词前缀;PUT源自拉丁语,意为to think, consider, or believe(deputy, impute, putative, reputation, reputed);-TIOUS与-TION对应,-TIOUS是来自-TION名词的形容词后缀,表示“…的,有…的”(ambitious, fictitious),disputatious派生自disputation,disputation意为“争论,议论;(大学中的)辩论”,disputatious则意为“爱议论的;爱争论的;争论的”,如:They are disputatious litigants.(他们是爱争论的诉讼当事人。)
  divide中的DI-参见上文,在此表示“分离”;VID,也作VIS,源自拉丁语,意为to see(audiovisual, envision, evidence, improvise, indivisible, provide, review, supervision, television, video, visionary, visit, visualization),divide作vt.意为“分,区分,划分(into);分配,分派,分给;分享,分担,分摊(with; between; among);分开,隔开,隔离(from);分裂,使对立;使(意见)分歧,离间(朋友)”,化学上的“分离”,数学上的“除;除尽”,机械工程方面指“在…上刻度/分度”;作vi.意为“分,分开;分裂,(意见等)分歧;(议会等)表决”,数学上的“除;被除尽”;作n.意为“分,分配;分界”,美语中指“分水岭”,口语中指“分裂”。例句:Divide the dough into three parts and make each into a ball.(把这个面团分成三部分,再把它们都捏成球状。)/ Congress is divided over the issue of impeachment.(国会对于弹劾案意见分歧。)/ The racial divide between the city and its suburbs is deepening.(城区与周边地区的差异正在加深。)
  
  doctrinaire派生自doctrine一词,其中的DOCT,也作DOC,源自拉丁语,意为to teach(docent, docile, doctorate, documentary, postdoctoral);-R省略自-OR,后缀-OR加在源自拉丁语的动词(尤其是以-ATE结尾的动词)之后,表示“…人/物”之意,代替原有的后缀-ER或两者并用,而并用时,有时-OR比较具有专门性的意义(auditor, detector, elevator, tailor, sailor);-INE参见上文;doctrinaire本身源自法语,与同是源自法语的millionaire都含有后缀-AIRE,在此意为person of…,doctrinaire作n.意为“空谈理论的人,教条主义者”;作adj.意为“教条的,空谈理论的”。而doctrine即“(宗教、政治方面的)教旨,教条;教义;原则;主义;学说”,在口语中意为“教训,训导”。例句:Brown is perhaps the most doctrinaire of the court’s conservative judges.(在这个法庭的保守派法官中,布朗可能是最教条的。)/ the Hindu doctrine of the immortality of the soul(印度教中的“灵魂不朽”教条)
  duplex中的前缀DU-,也作DUO-,源自拉丁语,意为“二”(dual, duet, duodecimal, duodenal, duologue, duorail, duple, duplicate);PLEX,也作PLIC(作后缀时写作-PLY),源自拉丁语,意为to fold(applicant, apply, complicate, duplicitous, explication, imply, multiply, plait, pleat, pliable, replica, reply),duplex作adj.意为“二倍的,双的,二重的”,机械工程方面指“双联式的,复式”,电讯方面指“双向(通讯)的,(电报)双工的”;作n.意为“套楼公寓;两户合住的房子”,如:duplex apartment(每套有上下两层楼的)套楼公寓,楼中楼);美语中,duplex house指“两户合住的房子”;duplex pump即“联式泵”;duplex paper即“双层纸”;duplex telegraphy为“双工电报”。
  
dysfunctional中的前缀DYS-源自希腊语,意为abnormal, impaired(dyslexia, dyspeptic, dysphagia, dysphasia, dyspnea, dystrophy);FUNCT源自拉丁语,意为perform(function, functional, functionary);后缀-ION, -AL参见上文有关内容。dysfunctional意为“机能障碍的,机能不良的”,如:a dysfunctional family(一个出了问题的家庭)
  ecopolitics中的前缀ECO-表示“生态(学)的”,有时也表示“经济(学)的”(ecocide, ecocline, ecology, economy, ecosystem, ecotype);POLIT源自希腊语,意为citizen(politic, political, politician);后缀-ICS用于构成复数型名词:用作单数,表示“…学”、“…术”(graphics, mathematics, physics);用作复数,表示“行为”,“活动”,“…的实践”(aerobatics, athletics),表示“体系”,“性质”,“…的操作”(mechanics)。ecopolitics意为“经济政治学;生态政治学”。
  
  ectopic中的EC-即EX-,意为out of. EX-可意为forth, without, thoroughly(表示这些意思时,一般在元音字母和h, c, p, q, s, t之前用EX-;f之前用EF-,其他辅音字母之前用省略字母X的E-(exasperate, exclude, efferent, educate);EX-加在名词之前表示“以前的”,“前任的”(ex-girlfriend, ex-pow, ex-premier, ex-president, ex-wife);EX-可意为out, outside; away, away from; off(元音字母之前用EX-;辅音字母之前用EC-)(exorcize, exurbia, eccentric, ecstasy);EX-有时也与EXO-(表示“外”,“外部”)相同。TOP源自希腊语,意为place(topic, topical, topiary, topography);-IC意为“…的”,ectopic常用于医学,意为“异位的”,如:ectopic pregnancy/gestation(异位妊娠)/ ectopic rhythm(异位节律)
  eligible中的前缀E-即EX-,参见上文;LIG,也作LEG, LECT,源自拉丁语,意为to read, to choose, to gather, to select(collection, college, diligent, elect, illegible, intellectual, lectern, legendary, predilection, selective);后缀-IBLE即-ABLE的另一形式,亦参见上文,eligible意为“有被选举资格的;适任的,合格的,适当的”,俚语中意为“适龄的,年龄适当的”,如:If you’re over 70, you’re eligible for a discount.(如果您的年龄超过70,那么您就可以享受折扣。)/ You’re eligible to vote when you turn 18.(只要一到18岁,就拥有投票资格了。)
  
  enamored中的AM,也作IM,源自拉丁语,意为to love(amiable, amicable, amigo, inimical, paramour);
  前缀EN-,加在字母p, b, m之前时作EM-,出现在单词中:1.加在名词之前表示“放进”,“放在…上面”,“走上”,“赋予”(encapsulate, encase, enrobe, enthrone, entrain, embus, empower);2.加在名词或形容词之前表示“使成…”(endear, enslave, embolden);3.加在动词之前表示“在里面”,“包住”(endemic, enfold, entangle, enwrap);此外,EN-与IN-常可通用,但在美国日常用语中多用IN-,而在英国一般多用EN-(inquire/enquire, inclose/enclose);
  后缀-OR在上文提到过,但还是表示动作、状态、性质的拉丁名词后缀,在英式英语中拼作-OUR(behavior/behaviour, favor/favour, labor/labour)。美语中,对意为“基督”的Saviour普通仍作-OUR,但Savior有越来越多的人在用了,而对于glamour,其原字虽然不变,但也逐渐有略去u的倾向;
  后缀-ED参见上文;
  enamored意为“使迷恋的,使倾心的”,如:Laura was never really of Paris.(劳拉从来就没对巴黎真正迷恋。)/ He tends to become enamored of pretty young woman.(他对漂亮的年轻女人变得倾心有加。)
  endemic中的DEM即DEMO,源自希腊语,意为people(demagoguery, democracy, demographic, epidemic, pandemic);前缀EN-及后缀-IC均参见上文,endemic,作adj.时也作endemical,意为“(动、植物)某些特产的,(风土人情的)某地/某民族特有的;地方病的”;作n.意为“某地特产的植物/动物;地方病”,如:Cholera was the endemic in Mexico in the 19th century.(在19世纪的墨西哥,霍乱是个地方病。)
  
  enjoin中的EN-参见上文;JOIN独立成词,亦是词根,也作JUNCT, JUG,源自拉丁语,意为to join, to marry, to mate(adjunct, conjugate, disjunction, joint, juncture, subjunctive),enjoin意为“命令,吩咐;告诫,责成”,美语中是个法律用语,意为“禁止”,如:enjoin diligence on/upon students = enjoin students to be diligent(叮嘱学生们用功)
  entertain源自古法语,其中的词根TAIN,也作TEN, TIN,源自拉丁语,意为to hold, to keep(abstain, contain, continent, detain, impertinence, maintenance, obtain, pertain, pertinacious, retainer, retentive, sustain, tenacity, tenure),entertain意为“招待,款待;使快乐;使感兴趣;怀抱(希望等),含有(感情等);容纳,接受,答应(请求等),愿意考虑”,如:She still occasionally entertains her family with her violin playing.(她还是偶尔会为家人拉小提琴娱乐一番。)/Since last year, she’s been entertaining the idea of retiring.(从去年开始,她就有退休的想法。)

  
  ephemeral中的EP,也作EPI,源自希腊语,意为upon, besides, attached to, over, outer, after(epicenter, epidermis, epiphenomenon, epiphyte, epitaph, epithet),ephemeral中的EP意为over;HEMER也源自希腊语,意为day;-AL参见上文,ephemeral作adj.意为“朝生暮死的;短命的,暂时的”;作n.意为“生命短暂的事物;短生植物”,如:ephemeral pleasures(短暂的快乐) / leaflets, handouts and other ephemeral materials(传单、小册子和其他能起到短暂宣传效果的材料)
  epitaph中的EPI参见上文;TAPH源自希腊语,意为tomb或funeral,epitaph意为“墓志铭,墓志铭式的诗文”,如:The great English architect Christopher Wren designed London's majestic St. Paul Cathedral, the site of his tomb and epitaph: “Si monumantum requiris, circumspice” (“If you seek my monument, look around you”).(伟大的英国建筑师Christopher Wren设计了庄严的伦敦圣保罗大教堂,他的墓也在这里,墓志铭写道:“如果你想找我的纪念碑,就看看周围”。)
  
  equanimity中的EQU-即EQUI-,源自拉丁语,意为equal, equally(equiangular, equivalent, equivocate);ANIM也源自拉丁语,意为spirit(animal, animated, animation, inanimate);-ITY参见affinity一词,equanimity意为“平静,沉着,镇定”,如:She received the news with surprising equanimity.(她收到消息时出奇镇定。)
  erratic中的ERR,源自拉丁语,意为to wander, to stray(error, aberrant, errant, erroneous);-ATIC为形容词后缀,意为“…的”(Asiatic, dramatic),erratic作adj.意为“飘忽不定的;(行为等)古怪的,反常的;(心意、爱情等)怪僻的,反复无常的”,用于天文学指“轨道无定的”,用于地质学指“漂移性的”,用于医学指“间断无定的”;作n.意为“奇人,怪人;反复无常的人”,用于地质学指“漂砾”,如:The erratic winds made fighting the fire more difficult.(变化的风向使扑火变得更加困难。)
  
  euphoria中的EU,源自希腊语,意为good, true(eugenic, eulogy, euphemism, evangelism);PHOR意为carry;-IA的用法:1.拉丁语或希腊语的名词后缀(dyslexia, hysteria, militia);2.国名后缀(Australia);3.希腊语或拉丁语名词的复数形式(marginalia, paraphernalia, regalia, suburbia);4.派生自人名的花名(dahlia, wisteria);5.动植物分类上的复数形式(Cryptomeria)。euphoria意为“幸福感;欣快,精神愉快”,如:She was in a state of euphoria all day.(她整天都处在精神愉快的状态。)
  evince中的E-即EX-,此处意为out of;VINC,也作VICT,源自拉丁语,意为to conquer, to overcome(invincible, provincial, victimize, victory);evince意为“表示;表明;显示”,如:Michael has evinced little interest in the new network so far.(目前为止,迈克尔还没表现出对于新网络有什么兴趣。)
  
  excise中的EX-意为out of;CIS,也作CIDE,源自拉丁语,意为to cut, to kill(circumcision, concise, decision, fratricide, fungicide, genocide, homicide, incisive, indecisive, infanticide, insecticide, matricide, patricide, precision);excise意为“删去(文章等);…切除”,用于动物学、植物学指“在…上开槽,切开”;excise另作名词,意为“(国产)货物税;消费税;(生产、贩卖)执照税”,这一名词含义的动词excise意为“向…征收国产水税/消费税”,如:Offensive scenes were excised from the film.(影片中会引起不快的镜头都被删除了。)
  execute中的EX-参见上文;ECUT为SECUT的缩略形式,SECUT也作SEC, SEQU,源自拉丁语,意为to follow(consecutive, consequential, non sequitur, obsequious, second, sequel, sequential),execute意为“实行,实施,执行;履行;贯彻,完成;作成,制成(美术品等);奏(乐曲),演(剧);对…执行死刑,处决”,如:The general was executed for war crime.(这个将军因为战争罪被处决。)
  
  expropriate中的EX-参见上文;PROPRI,也作PROP,源自拉丁语,意为own(appropriate, property, proprietary, proprietor, propriety);后缀-ATE参见上文,expropriate意为“没收(财产等);征用(土地);让渡(所有权);把(他人财产)转到自己名下,把…据为己有;剥夺…的所有权”,如:The police station is in a private home that the Communists expropriated in 1948.(警察局在一所1948年被共产党没收的私宅里。)
  expunge中的EX-参见上文;PUNG,也作PUNC,源自拉丁语,意为to prick or stab或point(compunction, punctilious, punctual, punctuation, puncture, pungent),expunge意为“涂掉;删去;抹掉;消灭,除去(from)”,如:Their criminal records were expunged in return for their testimony.(由于他们提供了证据,作为回报,他们的犯罪记录被删除了。)
  
  extemporaneous中的EX-参见上文;TEMPOR源自拉丁语,意为time(contemporary, tempo, temporal, temporary, temporize);-ANEOUS为形容词后缀,意为“属于…的”(extraneous, instantaneous, simultaneous, spontaneous, terraneous),extemporaneous意为“临时作成的,脱口而出的,即席的;不用讲稿的,善于即席讲话的;临时的,权宜之计的”,如:She made an extemporaneous speech on the ceremony.(她在典礼上做了一次即兴演讲。)
  extramural中的EXTRA-意为outside, beyond(extracurricular, extralegal, extramarital, extraordinary, extraterrestrial);MUR源自拉丁语,意为wall(mural);-AL参见上文,extramural意为“墙外的;城外的;大学外的;(非校队参加的)校际比赛的”,如:extramural sports(校外运动)/ extramural hospital treatment((医)院外治疗)/ extramural teaching/courses(大学对外课程)
  
  extrovert中的EXTRO-源自EXTRA-;VERT,也作VERS,源自拉丁语,意为to turn(adversity, aversion, converse, diversify, inadvertently, introvert, perversion, subversive, transverse, universal, versatile, versus, vertebra, vertigo),extrovert可作n., adj., vt., vi.,意为“外向性格的人;外向性的;使成为外向性格;变成外向性格”,如:Willie is a total extrovert who will talk to any stranger.(威利的性格外向的要命,随便一个陌生人他都聊。)
  fluctuation中的FLUCTU,也作FLUCT/FLU,源自拉丁语,意为to flow(affluent, effluent, flow, fluent, fluid flume, mellifluous);-ATION参见上文,fluctuation意为“波动,起伏,涨落;脉动;动摇不定,踌躇”,如:The plants are affected by fluctuations in temperature.(植物的生长受温度变化的影响。)
  
  formality中的FORM源自拉丁语,意为shape或form(conform, format, formation, formative, formula);后缀-ALITY用于构成名词,表示“性质”(abnormality, generality, morality),formality意为“拘泥形式,拘谨;礼节,俗套”,复数形式formalities意为“正式手续”,如:Jean and Bill will complete the adoption formalities this weekend.(简和比尔这个周末就能办完孩子的过继手续。)/ We’ve already decided to hire you; the interview is just a formality.(我们已经决定录用你,面试只是个形式而已。)
  fragmentary中的FRAG,也作FRACT,源自拉丁语,意为to break or shatter(defray, fracas, fractional, fragile, fragmentation, frail, infraction, refraction, refrain);-MENT常常接在动词之后,偶尔接在形容词之后构成表示动作、结果、状态等的名词(atonement, achievement, arrangement, curtailment, development, employment, entertainment, government, management);-ARY参见anniversary,fragmentary意为“破片的,断片的;残缺不全的,不连续的”,用于地质学指“碎屑质的,断岩的”,如:She has only a fragmentary recollection of the house where she grew up.(她对于长大的房子只有断断续续的记忆。)
  
  fungible中的FUNG,也作FUNCT,源自拉丁语,意为to perform, carry out, or undergo(functional, functionary, malfunction, perfunctory);-IBLE即-ABLE,参见上文,fungible作adj.意为“可代替的”,用于法律指“可互换的”,即“可用一物代替他物偿债的”;作n.意为“(偿还债务时所用的)代替物”。
  genuflect中的GENU既是词根也独立成词,源自拉丁语,意为knee(genu, genuflection/genuflexion, genuflector);FLECT,也作FLEX,源自拉丁语,意为to bend(circumflex, deflect, flex, flexible, flexor, inflection, reflect, reflex),genuflect意为“屈膝,跪拜(尤指做礼拜时);屈服,屈从”,如:Many pilgrims in China not only genuflect before religious shrines but also may lay themselves flat on the ground and light incense as well.(许多中国的朝圣者不但会在圣地之前下跪,而且还会五体投地,也要烧香。)
  
  geology中的GEO/GE,源自希腊语,意为earth或geography(geocentric, geochemistry, geochronology, geocide, geomagnetic, geopolitics);-OLOGY源自希腊语,意为the study of…(anthropology, astrology, biology, chronology, criminology, entomology, epidemiology, etymology, graphology, meteorology, microbiology, morphology, ornithology, philology, phonology, physiology, psychology, theology, zoology),geology意为“地质学;(某一地区的)性质;地质学的著作”。
  graceful中的GRAC,也作GRAT,源自拉丁语,意为to please, thank, free(congratulate, disgrace, exempli gratia, grace, gracious, gratis, gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity, ingratiate, ingratitude, person non grata);后缀-FUL的用法:1.加在n.之后构成adj.,表示“充满”,“…多的”,“赋有…性质的”(beautiful, masterful, shameful);2.加在v.之后构成adj.,表示“容易…的”(forgetful, playful, useful);3.加在n.之后构成n.,表示“满”,“容量”(armful, mouthful),graceful中的-FUL对应用法的第一项,graceful意为“优美的,雅致的;得体的,适度的”,如:a graceful dancer(优雅的舞者)/ a graceful acceptance of defeat(得体地接受失败)
  
  graphite中的GRAPH,也作GRAM,源自希腊语,意为to write(autobiography, biographer, cartographer, choreograph, diagram, epigraph, grammar, graph, graphology, monogram, monograph, orthography, program, telegram, telegraph);后缀-ITE用于构成名词,可表示:1.“…的居民”,“…的后代”,“…分子”,“…党员”,“…主义者”(Israelite, Trotskyite, urbanite);2.组织或躯体的一部分(dendrite);3.产品,商标名称(metabolite, ebonite);4.学术用语:a)岩石、矿物的名称(dolomite, hematite),graphite即属此项;b)化石名称(ammonite, trilobite);c)盐类名称(后缀-ATE的异体)(selenite, sulfite);d)炸药名称(cordite, dynamite)。
   graphite意为“石墨,黑铅,炭精;铅笔粉”,如:colloidal graphite(胶体石墨)/ graphite electrode(石墨电极)/ live [dead] graphite(含[不含]铀石墨)/ graphite moderated reactor(石墨减速反应堆)
  gratitude中的GRATI,即GRAT,参见graceful;后缀-TUDE常用于与形容词、过去分词构成表示性质、状态的抽象名词(altitude, exactitude, magnitude, solitude),gratitude意为“感谢;谢意;礼物”,如:The first Thanksgiving was celebrated out of gratitude for survival.(上帝保佑先民活了下来,出于感谢之情,他们庆祝了第一个感恩节。)
  
  gravitas是个拉丁语借词,其中的GRAV作为词根,意为heavy, weighty, serious(grave, gravid, gravitate, gravity),gravitas意为“极为严肃,非常重大,出奇认真”等,如:The head of the committee never failed to carry herself with the gravitas she felt was appropriate to her office.(这个委员会的头儿从来不会表现出与她职位不符的气度,总那么煞有介事。)
  gregarious中的GREG源自拉丁语,意为group, flock, to collect(aggregate, congregation, desegregate, egregious, segregation);后缀-ARIOUS意为“…性的”,gregarious意为“爱群居的,群居(性)的;聚生的,簇生的;爱社交的,集体性的”,如:Kim is gregarious and fun-loving.(Kim爱社交,也喜欢开玩笑。)
  
  H
  habitation中的HABIT,也作HIBIT,源自拉丁语,意为to have, to hold(exhibitionist, habit, habitation, habitual, inhibit, prohibit);后缀-ATION参见上文,habitation意为“居住;聚居地”,书面语指“住所,住宅”,如:Many of the housing projects are unfit for human habitation.(许多住房规划都是不适合人类居住的方案。)
  hematocrit中的前缀HEMATO-,即HEMAT-,表示blood(hematic, hematinic, hematoblast, hematology, hematophagous);CRIT源自希腊语,意为to judge或to decide(criterion, critic, criticism, critique, hypercritical),hematocrit意为“血流比容计,血球容量计;(用血球容量计测出的)血球密度(= hematocrit reading)”。
  
  hemiplegia中的前缀HEMI-源自希腊语,对应的源自拉丁语的前缀为SEMI-,意为half(hemihypertrophy, hemiparesis, hemisphere, semicircle, semiconductor, semitone);后缀-PLEGIA,也作-PLEGY,表示“瘫,麻痹”(paraplegia),hemiplegia意为“半身不遂,偏瘫”。
  herbivorous中的HERB,源自拉丁语,意为plant(herb, herbalist, herbarium, herbicide, herbivore);VOR也源自拉丁语,意为to eat;-IVOROUS意为eating(carnivorous, frugivorous, granivorous, graminivorous, insectivorous, nectarivorous, omnivorous, phytosuccivorous, voracious),herbivorous意为“吃草的,食草的;身体粗大而肠子细长的”,如:In spite of their frightening appearance, marine iguanas are peaceable herbivorous animals.(虽然海鬣蜥的外表长得吓人,可是它是温和的食草动物。)
  
  heterodoxy中的HETERO,也作HETER,源自希腊语,常作前缀,意为other, different(heterochromatic, heterogeneous, heterogony, heteromorphism, heteronomous, heterosexual);DOX也源自希腊语,意为opinion(doxology);后缀-Y可用于表示抽象名词(cannery, cookery, entreaty, fury, glory, history, jealousy, laundry, soldiery);也可表示形容词(peremptory, primary, rainy, sleepy, summery)。heterodoxy意为“异端;异教;异说”,如:During the Middle Ages a person could be accused of heterodoxy and burned at the stake.(在中世纪,一个人被指控宣扬异端邪说就会因此被烧死在火刑柱上。)
  homophone中的HOMO,源自希腊语,常作前缀,与HETERO/HETER相对,意为same(homogeneous, homogenize, homograph, homologous, homonym, homosexual);PHON也源自希腊语,意为sound, voice, or speech(cacophony, megaphone, microphone, phoneme, phonetic, phonics, phonograph, phonologist, polyphonic, stereophonic, symphony, telephone, xylophone),homophone指同音字母(c与s,c与k等);同音异义词(狭义的homophone相当于狭义的homonym;广义的还包含homograph一义),如:The verb “knew” and the adjective “new” are homophones.(动词knew和形容词new是同音异义词。)
  
  hospice中的HOSP,也作HOST,源自拉丁语,意为host, guest(hospital, hospitality, host, hostage, hostel, inhospitable);后缀-ICE用于构成名词,表示“状态”,“性质”(justice, service),hospice特指教会、僧侣办的旅客招待所,或“救济院,济贫院”,如:He was moved to the hospice after his wife had almost collapsed with exhaustion while caring for him.(当他的老婆照顾他到人乏财尽,几乎要崩溃之后,他被移住进了救济院。)
  hostage中的HOST参见上文;后缀-AGE用于构成名词,可表示:1.集体(baggage, cellarage, sewerage);2.关系,关联(parentage);3.地位、身份、状态(baronage, bondage, vagabondage);4.动作,动作的结果(blockage, breakage, passage);5.住所,地点(vicarage);6.费用、租金(cartage, dockage, postage),hostage意为“人质,抵押品”,如:The hijackers took a crew member hostage.(劫机者将整个机组人员扣为人质。)
  
  hydrodynamics中的HYDRO,用于元音字母之前作HYDR,常作前缀,源自希腊语,意为water(dehydrated, hydrangea, hydrant, hydraulic, hydrocephalus, hydroelectric, hydrofoil, hydrogen, hydroponics, rehydration);DYNAM源自希腊语,意为to be able; to have power(dynamic, dynamite, dynamo, dynamometer, dynasty, hydrodynamic);后缀-ICS用于构成名词:1.(用作单数)表示“…学”,“…术”(graphics, mathematics, physics);2.(用作复数)a.科学名称加上my, the, such等特定的词时(Her physics are very strong.);b.表示“行为”,“活动”,“体系”,“性质”的名称时(aerobatics, athletics, mechanics);3.单复数均可的单词(politics),hydrodynamics意为“流体动力学”。
  hypertension中的HYPER,源自希腊语,常作前缀,意为over, above(hyperactive, hyperbole, hypercritical, hyperglycemia, hypersensitive, hypertense, hyperventilate);TENS,也作TEND, TENT,源自拉丁语,意为to stretch, to go, to strive(attend, attendance, attendant, attention, attentive, contend, contender, contention, contentious, distend, distention, extend, extension, extensive, extent, intend, intense, intensive, intent, intention, intentional, portend, portentous, pretend, pretense, pretentious, superintendent, tend, tendency, tense, tension);后缀-ION参见上文,hypertension意为“高度紧张”,医学上指“高血压”。
  
  hypothermia中的HYPO,用于元音字母之前也作HYP,源自希腊语,常作前缀,意为under, beneath, down, below normal(hypochondria, hypochondriac, hypocrisy, hypocrite, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypotenuse, hypothesis, hypothetical, hypothetically);THERM,也作THERMO,也源自希腊语,意为warm(thermal, thermocline, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectricity, thermometer, thermonuclear, thermostat);后缀-IA参见euphoria,hypothermia意为“体温过低”,如:The skater was pulled from the pond’s icy water, hypothermia had reached a life-threatening stage.(溜冰的人被拉出了一塘冰水,体温已经低到了威胁生命的状态。)
  illegible中的前缀IL-用于以字母l开头的单词之前,表示否定(illogical, illiterate);LEG,也作LIG, LECT,有时作LAT, LEAGU,意为to read, to choose, to gather, to select(collate, collation, colleague, collection, collective, college, diligent, elect, election, eligible, ineligible, intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent, intelligible, lectern, lecturer, legend, legendary, legible, legion, predilection, select, selection, selective);后缀-IBLE即-ABLE,参见biodegradable,illegible意为“难以辨认的,字迹模糊的,印刷模糊的”,如:Tom’s handwriting is completely illegible.(汤姆的字迹实在太难以辨认了。)
  
  implement中的前缀IM-用于以b, m, p开头的单词之前:1.表示“向…内”;“在…上”;“向…”(imbed, immigrate);2.表示否定(对比IL-, IN-)(immoral, impatient);词根PLE,也作PLEN, PLET, PLI, PLY,源自拉丁语,意为to fill, full(complement, complementary, complete, compliance, comply, deplete, depletion, expletive, plenary, plenitude, plenteous, plentiful, plenty, replenish, replete, supplement, supply);后缀-MENT常接在动词(偶尔接在形容词)之后,形成表示动作、结果、状态等的名词(achievement, arrangement, atonement, curtailment, development, employment, entertainment, government, management),implement作n.,复数形式implements意为“工作,器具”,苏格兰语中作法律用语意为“履行(契约等)”;作vt.意为“给…供给器具;执行,履行(契约等);落实(政策);贯彻,实施;使生效;把…填满;补充”,如:agricultural/farm implements(农具)/ implements of warfare(武器)/ Cost-cutting measures have been implemented in most British hospitals.(减价措施已经在大多数英国医院中实施了。)
  impulsive中的IM-参见上文;PULS,也作PEL,源自拉丁语,意为to push, to drive(appeal, compel, compulsion, compulsive, compulsory, dispel, expel, expulsion, impel, propel, propeller, propulsion, pulsar, pulsate, pulse, repel, repulsion, repulsive);后缀-IVE用于构成形容词,表示:1.“…的”,“与…有关的”,“具有…性质的”(demonstrative, native, substantive);2.“倾向于…活动的”(amusive, creative),impulsive意为“冲动的;刺激的;被一时感情所驱使的,任性的”,用于物理学指“瞬动的,冲击的”,如:These children tend to be impulsive and restless.(这些孩子动不动就表现出任性,还不肯安静。)
  
  incarnation中的前缀IN-的含义:1.用在有“停止”意义的动词之前,相当于in, on;用在带有“动作”意义的动词之前,相当于into, against, towards.另外,(impress, irradiate);在r之前作IR-;IN-也常与源自古法语中的前缀EN-, EM-并存(inquire, enquire);2.表示“无,非”, 同样在字母b, m, p之前时作IM-;在l之前作IL-(illogical, immoral, irrational);词根CARN源自拉丁语,意为flesh(carnage, carnal, carnivore, carnival);后缀-ATION参见adaptation,incarnation意为“肉体化,化身,体现”,用于医学指“肉化”She is the incarnation of perfect femininity.(她是完美女性的化身。)
  incognito中的前缀IN-参见上文;前缀CO-可表示:1.与,共同,共通,互相(coeducation, coextensive, coheir);辅,陪;(用于数学)余,补(= complement)(coauthor, cosine, cotangent);3.副(co-flyer, copilot);词根GNI,也作GNO,源自希腊语、拉丁语,意为to know(agnostic, cognitive, diagnosis, ignoramus, ignorant, prognosis, recognize);incognito为意大利语借词,源自拉丁语词incognitus,意为unknown,英语单词incognito可作adj.或adv.,意为“化装的,用假名的;化装地,用假名地”;作n.意为“微装出游的人;用假名的人”,复数形式为incognitos或incogniti,如:She traveled incognito and people were surprised when she dropped her incognito.(她微装出游,当她说出自己的真正身份,人们都惊讶不已。)
  
  incorporate中的IN-参见上文;词根CORP源自拉丁语,意为body(corporal, corporation, corps, corpse, corpulence, corpulent, Corpus Christi, corpuscle);后缀-OR参见doctrinaire, enamored;后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,incorporate作vt.意为“结合,合并,收编;使成为法定组织;使成为有限公司;使注册;使混合;使加入”;作vi.意为“合并,混合(with);成为社团,组成公司”;作adj.意为“法定组织的”或“无形(体)的;精神上的,心灵上的”,如:Several schools are trying to incorporate ethnic foods into their menus.(一些学校试图在他们的菜单中收入少数民族的食谱。)
  indeterminate中的前缀IN-参见incarnation;前缀DE-参见biodegradable;词根TERMIN,也作TERM,源自拉丁语,意为to finish, end, limit, boundary(determination, determine, exterminate, exterminator, interminable, term, terminable, terminal, terminate, terminator, terminology, terminus);后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,indeterminate意为“不确定的,不定的,模糊的;无结果的,未决定的,仍有疑问的”等,如:an indeterminate length of time(不确定的时长)/ an indeterminate result(不明确的结果)/ an indeterminate sentence(无定期徒刑)/ an indeterminate problem([数学] 不定问题)
  
  inept中的前缀IN-参加incarnation;词根EPT,也作APT,源自拉丁语,意为fit, to fit(adaptable, adaptation, adept, apt, aptitude),inept意为“愚昧的,愚蠢的;不适当的,不合适的;无能的,不称职的”,如:When it comes to girls, Michael is socially inept and awkward.(说到和女孩子打交道,迈克尔就显示出他在社交上的笨拙与无能。)
  inflexible中的前缀IN-参见上文;词根FLEX,也作FLECT,源自拉丁语,意为to bend(deflection, flexion, reflection),其他例词参见genuflect,inflexible意为“不可弯曲的;不屈服的,刚直的;坚强的,坚定的;不变的,固定的”,如:Some of her employees find her inflexible.(她的一些雇员发现她个性固执。)
  
  infrastructure中的前缀INFRA-表示“在下”;“在下部”(infrahuman, infrasonic, infraspecific);STRUCT,也作STRU,源自拉丁语,意为to put together, to put in order, to build or devise(construct, construe, deconstruction, destructive, instrumental, obstruct, structure);后缀-URE用于动词之后构成名词,表示:动作(censure, closure, erasure, failure);结果(creature, judicature, mixture);集合体(legislature),infrastructure指基础设施,尤指社会、国家赖以生存和发展的“基础设施”,如道路、学校、电厂、交通、通讯系统等;用于军事则指“永久性基地,永久性防御设施”,如:economic/social/transport infrastructure(经济/社会/运输基础设施)
  inhibit中的前缀IN-参见incarnation;HIBIT,也作HABIT,源自拉丁语,意为to have, to hold(exhibitionist, habit, habitation, habitual, prohibit),inhibit意为“抑止,约束;禁止,阻止”,如:Taping the meeting would inhibit people from expressing their opinions.(给会议设限,为的是阻止与会者发表他们的见解。)
  
  inimical中的IN-参见incarnation;IM,也作AM,源自拉丁语,意为to love,参见enamored;后缀-ICAL参见astronomical,inimical意为“有敌意的,敌视的(to);不利的,有害的”,如:Price controls are inimical to economic growth.(价格控制对经济成长不利。)
  instrumental中的IN-参见incarnation;STRU,也作STRUCT,源自拉丁语,意为to put together, to put in order, to build or devise,例词参见infrastructure;后缀-MENT参见implement;后缀-AL参见bilingual,instrumental意为“仪器的,器械的,器具的;乐器(上)的,为乐器谱曲的,用乐器演奏的;作为手段的,作为工具的,有帮助的,起作用的”等,如:Siegel was instrumental in creating the Las Vegas as it is today.(拉斯维加斯创造成今天的样子,曾有Siegel的帮助。)
  
  intemperate中的IN-意为not,参见incarnation;TEMPER源自拉丁语,意为to moderate or keep within limits, to mix(temper, tempera, temperance, temperature, tempered);后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,intemperate意为“无节制的,放纵的;过度的,激烈的;喝酒过度的,酗酒的;(气候等)酷烈的”,如:Jim’s intemperate remarks led to a suspension from the team.(Jim的激烈言论导致了团队对他的停权处分。)
  intercession中的前缀INTER-表示“在…中”,“在…间”,“在…内”,“相互”(interact, intercity, interdependent, intermarry, international, internet);CESS,也作CED, CEED,源自拉丁语,意为to go, to move, to yield(accede, accession, antecedent, concede, concession, exceed, excessive, intercede, precede, precedent, procedure, proceed, process, procession, processional, processor, recede, recession, recessional, succeed, success, successful, succession);后缀-ION参见abstraction,intercession意为“调解,说情”,用于宗教指“代人祈祷”,如:She made an intercession to Tom for Jim.(她帮Jim跟Tom说情。)
  
  internecine中的INTER-参见上文;NEC,也作NIC, NOX,意为killing, slaying,相关的词根NECRO/NECR,意为death, the death(necrology, necromancy, necrosis, noxious, pernicious);后缀-INE参见aquamarine,internecine意为“自相残杀的,两败俱伤的;血腥的;(集团内部)相互冲突的”,如:There had been internecine warfare in the Balkans.(巴尔干半岛曾有过血腥的战争。)
  intrastate中的前缀INTRA-表示“内”,“在内”,“内部”,主用用于构成学术用语(intracellular, intra-departmental, intramural, intranet, intravenous);STAT,也作STA, STIT, STIN,源自拉丁语,意为to stand, to set(circumstance, constable, constancy, constant, constituency, constituent, constitute, constitution, distance, distant, establish, establishment, estate, extant, install, instate, interstate, obstacle, obstinacy, obstinate, reinstate, stabilize, stable, stage, stagnant, stagnate, stagnation, stall, stance, stand, standard, standardize, standing, stanza, stasis, state, station, stationary, statue, statuesque, status, statute, stay, substance, substantial, substitute, substitution, superstition, superstitious, thermostat, unstable),intrastate意为“州内的”,尤指美国的一州内的,如:intrastate phone calls(周内通话)

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FrederickE 发表于 2008-9-3 05:00:00 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群

  
  introduce中的前缀INTRO-表示“在内”,“向内”(introspect, introvert);DUC,也作DUCT,源自拉丁语,意为to lead(abduct, abduction, conducive, conduct, conductor, deduce, deduction, deductive, duchess, duct, ductile, duke, induce, induction, inductive, introduction, produce, product, production, productive, reduce, reduction, reproduce, reproduction, reproductive, seduce, seduction, seductive, viaduct),introduce意为“引导,带领;介绍;使开始经验/体验;推广,采用,引进;提出(议案等);以…作为文章、讲话的开头;插入;开始”,如:Slovenia introduced its own currency shortly after independence.(斯洛文尼亚在独立后不久就使用自己的货币了。)/ The technique was introduced to this country from America.(这一技术是从美国引进到这个国家的。)
  intuition中的前缀IN-参见incarnation;TUIT,也作TUI, TUT,源自拉丁语,意为to guide, guard, or teach(tuition, tutee, tutelage, tutor, tutorial);后缀-ION参见abstraction,intuition意为“直感,直觉知识,直感事物”,如:Much of what doctors do is based largely on intuition.(医生做的很多判断大部分基于直觉。)
  
  irregular中的前缀IR-用于以r开头的单词,表示:1.“不”,“非”(irreplaceable, irresponsible);2.“进入”,“在内”(irrigation, irruption);REG,也作RECT,源自拉丁语,意为straight, right, to rule, king(correct, correction, direct, direction, director, erect, rectangle, rectify, regal, regalia, regency, regent, regicide, regime, regiment, region, regional, regular, regularity, regulate, regulation);后缀-ULAR用于构成形容词,表示“…的”,“似…的”(crevicular, circular, muscular),irregular意为“不规则的,无规律的;非正规的,非正式的,法律上无效的;不合常规的,不正当的;不整齐的;参差不齐的;(语法)不规则变化的”,美语中指“(商品)等外的,有小缺陷的”,如:a jagged, irregular coastline(一段不规则的齿状海岸线)/ Some weeks, I work long, irregular hours.(有几个星期,我的工作时间又长又没规律。)
  jurisprudence中的JURIS,常作JUR,源自拉丁语,意为to swear or take an oath; right or law(abjure, injury, juror, jury, objurgate, perjury);jurisprudence源自意为law knowledge或law experience的拉丁语词iurisprudentia,拉丁语词prudentia意为foreseeing; prudence, discretion, good sense;英语单词prudence即源自prudentia;prudent则源自拉丁语词prudens,prudens意为foreseeing; conscious, aware; skilled, skillful, experienced; prudent, discreet, sensible, intelligent. 英语单词jurisprudence指“法学,法理学”;“法学的分支”(如民法、刑法、行政法等);“法律体系”;“(民法中的)法院审判规程,判决录”。例如:medical jurisprudence(法医学)
  
  language中的LANGU,即LINGU,源自拉丁语,意为tongue, language(bilingual, lingo, lingual, linguistics);后缀-AGE参见hostage,language意为“语言;语调,措词;语言,文风,文体;专门用语,术语;态度,立场”等,俚语中指“粗话,骂人的话;粗话”,如:Latin is a dead language.(拉丁语已经不再使用了。)/ Unfortunately, Jimmy was introduced to street language at an early age.(很遗憾的是,Jimmy年纪不大的时候就有人教他市井俚语。)
  lucubration中的LUC源自拉丁语,意为light, to shine or glitter(elucidate, lucent, lucid, Lucifer, translucent);lucubration派生自lucubrate,lucubrate借自意为work by lamplight的拉丁语词lucubrare,lucubrate意为“(在灯下)刻苦钻研;苦思冥想;学究式地写作;详细论述”;lucubration为n.,即“(在灯下)刻苦钻研;苦思冥想;苦心孤诣之作”,lucubrations常作戏谑语,指“学究气的作品”,如:By the end of the semester our professor admitted that he wasn’t looking forward to reading through any more of our lucubrations on novels that no one enjoyed.(到了期末,教授向我们承认,他再也不希望拜读我们学究气十足的文章了,那些东西没人喜欢。)
  
  ludicrous中的LUD,也作LUS,源自拉丁语,意为to play; play, game(allude, collusion, delusion, illusion, interlude, prelude);ludicrous源自意为playful的拉丁语词ludicrus,ludicrous意为“可笑的,荒唐的”,如:They want two million dollars for the house? That’s ludicrous.(他们要两百万才卖那座房子?太离谱了!)
  maintenance中的MAIN,常作MANU, MAN,有时也作MAND, MANI,源自拉丁语,意为hand(emancipate, emancipation, maintain, manacle, manage, management, mandate, mandatory, maneuver, manicure, manicure, manicurist, manifest, manipulate, manner, manual, manufacture, manuscript);TEN,也作TENU, TIN, TAIN,源自拉丁语,意为to hold, to keep(abstinence, content, continence, continue, countenance, entertainment, extenuating, impertinent, incontinent, maintain, pertinacity, pertinent, retain, retention, sustenance, tenable, tenacious, tenant, tenuous),同时可参见attenuate, entertain;后缀-ANCE参见ambulance,maintenance意为“保持,维持,保养;保管,保存,维护,维修;支持的手段;坚持;主张;拥护,支持;扶养,供给;生活,生计”等,用于法律指“对诉讼一方的非法援助”或“依法应负的对他人的赡养义务”。如:Do you know how much the maintenance of these buildings costs?(你知不知道养护这些楼房需要多少花费?)/ Our primary concern is the maintenance of discipline in the school.(我们首要关心的是学校里纪律的维持。)
  
  malevolent中的MALE,即MAL,源自拉丁语,意为bad, badly(malady, malformation, malicious, malign, malnourished, malodorous, malpractice);-VOLENT源自拉丁语词volens,volens意为willing, permitting, ready, favorable(benevolent),malevolent意为“有恶意的,坏心肠的,恶毒的,幸灾乐祸的”,如:It’s a story of a malevolent ghost.(这是个恶鬼的故事。)
  malnourished中的MAL意为bad, badly,参见上文;NOUR,也作NUTRI,源自拉丁语,意为to feed, to build up, to take care of, to promote等(nourish, nutrient, nutriment, nutrition, nutritious);后缀-ED参见bespectacled,malnourished意为“营养不良的”,如:There are many pale, malnourished children in the remote village.(在那个偏远的村子里有许多由于营养不良而脸色苍白的孩子。)
  
  manacle中的MANA意为hand,参见maintenance;后缀-CLE,即-CULE,意为“小”(animalcule, particle, poeticule, receptacle),manacle作n.,常用复数形式manacles,意为“手铐;束缚,约束”;作vt.,意为“给…上手铐;束缚”,如:They were led away with manacles on their hands.(他们戴上手铐被带走了。)
  mandatory中的MAND意为hand,参见maintenance;后缀-ATORY表示“具有…特征的”;“由…产生的”(derogatory, laudatory, observatory, reconciliatory),mandatory意为“命令的,训令的;委任的,委托的(upon)”,美语中常意为“强迫的,义务性质的”,如:The company’s mandatory retirement age is 65.(这个公司的强制退休年龄是65岁。)
  
  manuscript中的MANU意为hand,参见maintenance;SCRIPT,也作SCRIB,源自拉丁语,意为to write, to draw(ascribe, circumscribe, circumscription, conscript, conscription, describe, description, inscribe, inscription, prescribe, prescription, scribble, scribe, script, scripture, subscribe, subscription, superscribe, superscript, transcribe, transcript, transcription),manuscript作adj.意为“手写的,手抄的”;作n.意为“抄本;(著者的)原稿;手写”,意为“原稿”时可略作MS.,复数作MSS. 例句:All her original manuscripts were lost in the fire.(她的所有原始手稿遇到火灾都遗失了。)/ His works are still in manuscript.(他的作品还是手写稿。)
  matriarch中的MATRI,也作MATER, MATR, METR,源自拉丁语,意为mother, womb(alma mater, maternal, maternity, matriarchy, matricide, matriculate, matrilineal, matrimony, matrix, matron, metropolitan);后缀-ARCH源自希腊语,意为chief, leader, ruler,则-ARCHY意为rule, government(anarchy, monarch, oligarchy, patriarch, patriarchism, polyarchy),matriarch意为“女家长,女族长”,有时作为惯例用语或戏谑语,指“家长的妻子”或“族长的妻子”。
  
  mellifluous中的MELLI,也作MEL,源自拉丁语,意为honey(melissa, melitemia, melliferous, mellow, melody, melon);FLU,也作FLUCT,源自拉丁语,意为to flow,例词参见fluctuation;后缀-OUS参见analogous,mellifluous,也作mellifluent,意为“(话、声音等)甘美的,甜蜜的,流畅的”,如:a mellifluous speech(甜言蜜语)/ a mellifluous voice(甜美的声音)
  metallurgy中的METALL-或METAL-即metal,也作为构词成分,源自希腊语(metalide, metalliferous, metallography, metalloscope, metalloid, metalwork);URG,也作ERG, ORG,源自希腊语,意为to work(energetic, energize, energy, organ, organic, organism, organization);后缀-Y参见heterodoxy,metallurgy意为“冶金;冶金学;冶金术”。
  
  metaphysics中的META-,元音字母之前作MET-,源自希腊语,意为after, behind, change, transformation, situated behind(metabolism, metacarpus, metalanguage, metaphorical, metamorphosis, metastasis, metonymy);PHYS-,也作PHYSI-, PHYSIO-,源自希腊语,意为nature, physical(physic, physique, physiognomy, physiography, physiotherapy);后缀-ICS参见ecopolitics,metaphysics意为“形而上学,玄学;纯抽象的空论;空谈”,作单数名词使用。
  metropolis中的METRO-源自希腊语,意为mother,参见matriarch;POLIS,也作POLI, POLIT,源自希腊语,意为city(acropolis, cosmopolitan, geopolitical, megalopolis, metropolitan, police, policlinic, policy, political, politics, polity),metropolis意为“首都;(产业、艺术等的)中心;主要都市,都会”,用于宗教指“大主教区”,在希腊史中指“殖民地的母国”,此外,在英国,the Metropolis指London.
  
  microcosm中的MICRO-,元音字母之前作MICR-,源自希腊语,意为small, abnormally small, requiring or involving microscopy; one-millionth(microbe, microbiologist, microcircuit, microcephaly, microdot, microphone, microscope, microscopic, microsurgery; microsecond);COSM,也作COSMO,源自希腊语,意为universe, world, ornament, order(cosmetic, cosmetics, cosmodom, cosmology, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, cosmos),microcosm意为“微观世界,微观宇宙,(为宇宙缩影的)人;人类社会;缩影”,如:New York’s mix of people is a microcosm of America.(纽约族群混杂,可谓美国的缩影。)/ Her company is starting to look like an empire in microcosm.(她的公司开始初具规模了,麻雀虽小,五脏俱全。)
  millennium中的MILL-,也作MILLI-,源自拉丁语,此处意为one thousand,多数情况之下,MILLI-/MILL-意为one thousandth(milliampere, milliary, milligram, milliliter, millimeter, millimicron(毫微米,千分之一微米), millimicrosecond(毫微秒));ENN也作ANN,源自拉丁语,意为year(anniversary, Anno Domini, annual, annuity, biennial, biennium, centenarian, centenary, centennial, bicentennial, tricentennial, sesquicentennial, millennial, per annum, superannuate);后缀-IUM用于构成名词,参见auditorium,millennium意为“一千年(间);千周年纪念;千禧年;(幻想中的)黄金时代,太平盛世”,复数形式为millenniums或millennia,如:What did you do to celebrate the millennium?(千禧年到的那时,你怎么庆祝的?)
  misconception中的前缀MIS-表示“错,错误的;坏,不利的;失败,缺乏”(misadventure, misapprehend, misconceive, misconduct, misconstrue, miscreant, misfire, misfortune, mistaken, mistrial, mistrust),用于动词和形容词之前起副词作用;用于动名词和名词之前则有形容词意味;用于已含有负面意义的单词之前时,通常属于古语,表示加强之意,如misdread, misdoubt;CON-为COL-的异体之一,也作COM-,意为together, jointly,参见collapse;CEPT,也作CAP, CAPT, CIP, CEIVE, CUP,源自拉丁语,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture(anticipate, capable, capacity,
  captivate, captive, captor,
  conceive, conception, deceive, deception,
  emancipate, emancipation,
  except, exception, inception, incipient,
  intercept, interception, misconceive,
  occupant, occupation, occupy,
  participant, participate, participation,
  perceive, perception, perceptive, precept,
  receipt, receive, receptacle,
  reception, receptionist, receptive,
  recipe, recipient,
  reciprocal, reciprocate, reciprocity,
  recuperate, recuperation);
  名词后缀-ION参见abstraction,misconception意为“误解,错觉,看法错误”,如:There’s a popular misconception that no humans live in the tropical rain forest.(有个流行的误解,说是热带雨林中无人居住。)
  前缀MISO-,用于元音字母之前时,也作MIS-,源自希腊语,意为to hate(misocapnic, misocyny, misogamy, misogynic, misology, misoneism, misopolemical);MISO-的反义前缀为PHILO-/PHIL-,也源自希腊语,意为to love,作后缀的形式为-PHILE/-PHIL(loving)(audiophile, bibliophile, oenophile, philanthropy, philatelist, philodendron, philology, philter)。
  misnomer中的MIS-参见misconception;NOM,也作NOMIN,源自拉丁语,意为name,源自希腊语的NYM也意为name(acronym, anonymous, antonym, denomination, metonymy, nominal, nominate, nomination, nominee, patronymic, pseudonym, synonym);后缀-ER参见cartographer,misnomer意为“误称;使用不当的名称;用词不当”,如:“Silent movie” is a misnomer since the movies usually had a musical accompaniment.(由于电影通常有音乐伴奏,所以所谓的“无声电影”其实是用词不当。)
  
  missionary中的MISS,也作MIT, MIS,源自拉丁语,意为to send, to throw(admission, admit, commission, commit, commitment, committee, demise, dismiss, dismissal, emissary, emission, emit, intermission, intermittent, manumit, manumission, missile, mission, missionize, missive, omission, omit, permission, permit, premise, promise, remission, remit, remittance, submission, submit, transmission, transmit);后缀-ION参见abstraction;后缀-ARY参见anniversary,missionary作adj.意为“传教的,传教士的”;作n.意为“传教士;(某某主义的)宣传者”,如:They were missionaries in China for 10 years.(他们在中国传教十年。)
  monochromatic中的MONO-,用于元音字母之前作MON-,源自希腊语,意为one, single, alone, sole, only(monarch, monarchy, monastery, monastic, monochrome, monogamous, monogamy, monogram, monograph, monolingual, monolith, monolithic, monologue, monopolize, monopoly, monorail, monosyllable, monotheism, monotheistic, monotonous, monotony);CHROM源自希腊语,意为color(chromatic, chrome, chromosome, polychrome);形容词后缀-ATIC表示“…的”(Asiatic, dramatic),monochromatic意为“一色的;单色光的”,用于物理学指“由单一波长的光形成的”,用于医学指“单色觉的,全色盲的”,如:monochromatic lamp(单色灯)
  
  moribund中的MORI,也作MORT, MOR,源自拉丁语,意为to die, death(immortal, immortality, mortal, mortality, mortgage, mortician, mortification, mortify, mortuary, postmortem, rigor mortis),moribund借自拉丁语词moribundus,moribundus意为dying, at the point of death; mortal; deadly,英语单词moribund作adj.意为“濒死的,垂死的,奄奄一息的;死气沉沉的”;作n.指“将死的人”。例句:The government is trying to stimulate the moribund economy.(政府正试图刺激死气沉沉的经济。)
  mortality中的MORT意为to die, death,参见moribund;后缀-ALITY参见formality,mortality意为“必死的命运/性质;致命性;死亡数;死亡率;大量死亡;失败数;失败率;人,人类”,如:Infant mortality has been on increase in certain areas.(在特定地区,婴儿的死亡率在屡屡攀升。)/ Doctors are reminded of their mortality every day.(医生们每天都要面对死亡,也提醒着他们自己也是会死的。)
  
  multiply中的前缀MULTI-,用于元音字母之前作MULT-,源自拉丁语,意为many, much, multiple; more than one, more than two(multangular, multicellular, multichannel, multicolor, multidimensional, multifarious, multiflorous, multifold, multiparous, multilateral, multilingual, multiloquent, multimedia, multipartism, multiplex, multiplicate, multiracial);PLY常作后缀,也作PLIC, PLEX,源自拉丁语,意为to fold(applicant, application, applicator, apply, complicate, duplex, duplicate, duplicity, explicate, explication, explicit, implicate, implication, implicit, multiplication, plait, pleat, pliable, pliers, replica, replicate, replication, reply),multiply作vt.,vi.意为“增殖;繁殖;(成倍)增加;(数学的)乘”;作adv.意为“复合地;多样地;多倍地;多重地;复杂地”,用于电学指“并联地,多路地”。例句:Computers have multiplied the possibilities open to the artist.(计算机使开放给艺术家的可能性成倍增加了。)
  nominee中的NOMIN意为name,参见misnomer;-EE为名词后缀,可表示:1.受动者(addressee, lessee, payee);2.动作者(absentee, refugee, standee);3.与人(或物)有关或相似(bargee, goatee);4.小类的(bootee),nominee中的-EE即指“受动者”,nominee意为“被提名/指定/任命/推荐者”,如:Speakers included former presidential nominee Bob Dole.(发言者中包括鲍勃&#8226;多尔,曾被提名参选总统。)
  
  noxious中的NOX意为killing or slaying,参见internecine;后缀-IOUS表示“具有…特质的”,“充满…的”(bilious, delicious, furious, precious, prodigious, religious),noxious意为“有害的,不卫生的,有毒的;对精神上有坏影响的,使道德败坏的;引起反感的,讨厌的”,如:noxious fumes(有毒烟气)/ the noxious influences(邪气,坏影响)
  object中的前缀OB-,用于字母m, c, f, g, p, t之前,常分别变为O-, OC-, OF-, OG-, OP-, OS-,可表示:1.对面,颠倒(方向)(oblique, offer);2.阻碍(obstacle);3.反对,抵抗(obstinate, oppose),object中的OB-即为此意;4.抑压(oppress);5.隐蔽(obfuscate, obscure);
  JECT,也作JAC/JEC,源自拉丁语,意为to throw(abject, adjacent, adjective, conjecture, dejected, dejection, ejaculate, ejaculation, eject, ejection, inject, injection, interject, interjection, objection, objective, project, projectile, projection, reject, rejection, subject, subjection, subjective, trajectory),object作n.意为“物,物体,物件;目标(of; for);目的,宗旨;[哲学]对象,客体,客观;宾语;[语法]宾语”,口语中常指(可笑或可怜的)人或物;
  obsequious中的OB-表示“抑压”,参见上文;SEQU,也作SEC,源自拉丁语,意为to follow(consequential, execute, obsequious, second, sequel, sequential, sequitur);后缀-IOUS参见noxious,obsequious意为“谄媚的,奉承的”,古意为“顺从的,死心塌地的”,如:The salesman’s obsequious manner was beginning to irritate her.(那名销售员谄媚的态度开始让她觉得恼火了。)
  obstinacy中的OB-表示“反对”,参见object;STIN,也作STAT, STA, STIT,意为to stand, to set,参见intrastate;后缀-ACY用于构成抽象名词,表示“性质”、“状态”、“职位”(accuracy, fallacy, magistracy),obstinacy意为“顽固,顽强,固执,顽梗;不易克服性;[an obstinacy]顽固的言行(against);(病痛等)难治,难解除,难抑止”,如:Ed showed his obstinacy again.(Ed又表现得很顽固了。)
  
  occasion中的OC-即OB-,意为“对面,前面”,参见object;CAS,也作CAD, CID,源自to fall, to happen(accident, cadaver, cadence, cadenza, cascade, case, casual, casualty, coincide, coincidence, decadence, decadent, decay, deciduous, incident, occasional, occident, occidental, recidivism);后缀-ION参见abstraction,occasion意为“(庆祝等的特殊)场合;(重大)时节,时刻;机会,(适当的)时机[Occasion],[拟人语]好机会;原因,诱因,近因;(怒,笑等的)根据,理由,必要”,复数形式occasions古意为“事,事务,工作,职业”,如:We’re saving the champagne for a special occasion.(我们把这瓶香槟存起来,以备庆贺之需。)/ She could also be tough when the occasion arises.(她也会应时之需变得强硬起来。)
  occupant中的OC-即OB-,表示“对面,附近”,参见object;CUP,也作CAP, CAPT, CIP, CEPT, CEIVE,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture,参见misconception;后缀-ANT表示“…的人”,参见complaisant,occupant意为“(土地、房屋、地位等的)占有人;居住者”,用于法律指“占据者”,如:Neither of the car’s two occupants was injured.(坐在车里的两个人都没受伤。)
  
  omit中的O-即OB-,表示“阻碍”,参见object;MIT,也作MISS,意为to send, to throw,参见missionary,omit意为“(有意)省去,删去,略去;(无意中)遗漏,忽略,忘记(to do);怠慢,疏忽,不留神”,如:In his presentation of the theorem, Kelvin omitted many details.(Kelvin在定理的提出的版本中删除了许多细节。)/ Whittier omitted to mention exactly where he had gotten the money.(Whittier漏说了他获得这笔钱的确切地点。)
  omniscience中的前缀OMNI-意为“全,总,遍”(omnibus, omnipotent, omnivorous);SCI源自拉丁语,意为to know, knowledge(conscience, conscious, consciousness, omniscient, prescience, science, scientific, unconscious);名词后缀-ENCE对应形容词后缀-ENT,-ENCE表示“动作”、“性质”、“状态”(absence, dependence, diligence, emergence, indulgence),参见ascendency,omniscience意为“无所不知,全知”,首字母大写,Omniscience为宗教用语,指“无所不知者,上帝”;omniscience对应的adj.形式即omniscient,意为“无所不知的,博识的”,the Omniscience指“上帝,神”。例如:Even the botanical garden’s omniscient botanist couldn’t explain the meaning of the flower’s name.(既便植物园中博学的植物学家也不能解释这种花名的含义。)
  organ中的ORG,也作ERG, URG,意为to work,参见metallurgy;后缀-AN可用于:1.构成adj.,表示“…的,有…性质;属于…的;[动物学]…纲的,…类的”(Korean, Mahometan, Elizabethan, Mammalian);2.常用于构成与adj.同形的n.,表示“…地方的人;精通…的人,信奉…的人”(American, historian, librarian)
  originally中的ORI源自拉丁语,意为arise(orient, oriental);GIN即GEN,源自希腊语与拉丁语,意为birth, gender, family, kind, race,参见disingenuous;形容词后缀-AL参见bilingual;后缀-LY的用法:1.加adj.或分词之后构成adv.,表示“方式”,“状态”,“时间”,“地点”,“程序”, “程度”,“方向”,“方面”等(boldly, economically, greatly, gradually, partly, scientifically, smilingly, unexpectedly),而以-le结尾的单词则应略去e之后再加y(feebly, nobly);2.加在n.之后构成adj.:a)表示“像…的”;“有…性质的”(kingly, manly, scholarly, sisterly);b)表示“反复发生的”,“每一特定时期发生一次的”,“以…为周期的”(hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly),originally意为“本来,原来;第一,最初;独创地,独出心裁地”,如:Jeanne’s family originally came from Malaysia.(Jeanne一家原本来自马来西亚。)
  
  orthodontist中的ORTHO,也作ORTH,源自希腊语,意为straight, right, true, perpendicular(orthodontia, orthodontics, orthogonal, orthograde, orthography, orthotics, orthodox, orthopedics);DONT,即DENT,源自拉丁语,意为tooth(dandelion, dental, dentifrice, dentist, denture, indent, indentation);后缀-IST参见archaeologist,orthodontist意为“正牙医师,牙齿矫正医师”。
  pacific中的PACI,也作PAC, PEAS,源自拉丁语,意为agree(pacify, pacifist, pact, peace),参见appease;后缀-FIC用于构成形容词,表示“…化的”,“引起…的”,“做成…的”(honorific, specific, terrific),pacific意为“和平的,太平的;平时的;爱好和平的,(性质)温和的”,首字母大写,Pacific意为“太平洋的”,例如:There is a normally pacific community several miles ahead.(前面几英里的地方有个社区,那儿一般情形之下都很平和。)
  
  panacea中的PAN源自希腊语,意为all, completely, whole, general(panchromatic, pandemic, pandemonium, panegyric, panoply, panoramic, pantheism, pantheon),此外,前缀PAN-可与表示国籍、宗派等的词结合(pan-American),也可与后缀为-ISM, -ISH, -IC等的衍生词结合(pancosmism, pan-Hellenist);panacea中的ACEA也源自希腊语,意为remedy. 不过作为后缀的-ACEA用于构成动物学词汇,表示“(分类学的)纲”或“目”(Crustacea),panacea意为“万灵药;秘药;(社会弊病等的)补救方法”,如:Debt reduction should not be seen as a panacea for the region’s economic problems.(削减债务不应该被视为解决地区经济问题的万灵方。)
  paragon中的PARA,用于元音字母之前作PAR,源自希腊语,意为beside; beyond or outside; associated with, esp. as an assistant(parabiosis, paradigm, paradox, paralegals, parallel, paralogism, paramedics, parameter, paramilitary, paranoid, paranormal),用于化学,意为“对(位),聚,仲,副”(paradiazine),用于医学意为“对,副,衍”(paratyphoid),此外,PARA-还可表示“保护,庇护,避难”(parados),还可表示“降落伞、伞兵”,省略自parachute(paraoperation);后缀-GON表示“…角形”(hexagon, polygon),paragon意为“(尽善尽美的)模范/典型;优秀的人/物;逸品,殊品;完人;(100克拉以上的)大钻石;特大珍珠”,还指印刷用的“20点铅字”,例如:She is a paragon of virtue.(她在美德方面,堪称典范。)
  
  participate中的PARTI即PART,源自拉丁语,意即part,常作为构词成分(particle, parti-colored, particular, particularism, particularity, particulate, partisan/partisan, partite, partition);CIP,也作CAP, CAPT, CEPT, CEIVE, CUP,源自拉丁语,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture,参见misconception;后缀-ATE在此构成动词或形容词,参见abbreviate,participate作vi.意为“参与,参加,有关系;分担;共享;有几分(…的性质等)(of)”;作vt.意为“分享;分担”;作adj.意为“由多人或多方参加的;(股票等)使持有人有权分享利益的”。例如:More than 300 children participated in a clean-up of the park.(有超过300名孩子参与了公园的大扫除。)
  paternalistic中的PATERN即PATER,也作PATRI/PATR,源自拉丁语,意为father, paternal(compatriot, paterfamilias, paternal, paternalism, paternity, paternoster, patriarchy, patrician, patrilineal, patriot, patriotic, patriotism, patrimony, patron, patronize, pattern, repatriation, unpatriotic);后缀-AL参见bilingual;后缀-IST参见archaeologist;后缀-IC用于构成形容词时,表示:1.“…的”,“…似的”,“…性的”(basic, poetic),paternalistic中的-IC即为此意;2.“与…有关的”(Asiatic, seismic, volcanic);3.“由…产生的”,“由…引起的”(photographic, symphonic);4.“由…组成的”,“含有…的”(alcoholic, dactylic);5.原子价较高的(指与-OUS结尾的词相比)(ferric, sulphuric);后缀-IC用于构成名词时,表示:1.学术,艺术(arithmetic, logic, music);2.具有某种性质或特征(classic, critic);3.“呈现出…”,“受…影响”(rustic);4.“产生”(anaesthetic)。paternalistic意为“家长式统治的;家长作风的,家长式的”,如:The company had the reputation of being an old-fashioned, paternalistic employer.(该公司因其作为一家旧式、家长作风的雇主而闻名。)
  patricide中的PATRI意为father,参见上文;CIDE,也作CIS,源自拉丁语,意为to cut, to cut down, to kill, to slay(CIDE还意为killer, act of killing)(circumcise, circumcision, concise, decide, decision, decisive, excise, fratricide, fungicide, genocide, homicide, incision, incisive, incisor, indecision, indecisive, infanticide, insecticide, matricide, pesticide, precise, precision),patricide意为“杀父(行为),弑父;杀父者,弑父者”,可参照matricide等词。

  pentathlon中的PENT-即PENTA-用于元音字母之前的形式,源自希腊语,意为five(pentagon, pentagram, pentahedron, pentameter, pentangular, pentarchy, Pentateuch);ATHLON也源自希腊语,意为contest or trial(decathlon),pentathlon意为“五项运动”,即田径比赛全能运动之一,如:The modern pentathlon includes swimming, cross-country running, horseback riding, fencing, and target shooting.(现代五项运动包括游泳、越野赛跑、马术、击剑以及射击。)
  
  penumbra中的PEN源自拉丁语,意为almost(peninsula, penultimate);UMBRA,也作UMBR,源自拉丁语,意为shadow(adumbrate, umber, umbrage, umbrella),penumbra意为“(绘画中)画面浓淡相交出”,用于物理学指“半影,黑影周围的半阴影”,用于天文学指“太阳黑子周围的半暗部;(星面部的)阴影”,也用于比喻义,如:This area of the investigation was the penumbra where both the FBI and CIA wanted to pursue their leads.(调查的这一范围并不明确,联邦调查局和中情局都有意在此主导。)
  periscope中的前缀PERI-源自希腊语,可表示:1.周围(periphery);2.近,迫(perigee, perihelion);3.围绕,围入;包围(pericardial, periodontal);SCOP也源自希腊语,意为to see(microscope, microscopic, scope, telescope, telescopic),periscope意为“(潜水艇用)潜望镜;潜望镜镜头”,形容词periscopic或periscopical意为“潜望镜(用)的;(照相机等)广角的,适于瞭望周围的;概观的”,如:a periscopic lens(大角度的镜头)
  
  perfidious中的前缀PER-可表示:1.通,总,遍(perfect, pervade),perfidious中的PER-即为此意;2.极,甚(perfervid);3.用于化学,指“过,高”(peroxide);FID,有时也作FI,源自拉丁语,意为trust, faith(affiance, affidavit, bona fide, confidant, defiance, defiant, defy, diffident, fidelity, fiduciary, infidel, infidelity, perfidy);后缀-IOUS参见noxious,perfidious意为“不忠实的,叛变的;背信弃义的”,如:They participated in planning a perfidious scheme.(他们参与策划了一项叛变阴谋。)
  pernicious中的前缀PER-意为extremely,参见上文;NIC,也作NEC, NOX,源自拉丁语,意为killing or slaying,参见internecine;形容词后缀-IOUS参见noxious,pernicious意为“有害的,有毒的;恶性的,致命的”,如:the pernicious effects of advertising(广告的有害影响)/ a pernicious lie(恶毒的谎言)/ a climate pernicious to health(有害健康的气候)/ a pernicious scheme(恶毒的阴谋)
  
  perquisite中的前缀PER-意为thoroughly,参见perfidious;QUIS源自拉丁语,意为to seek or obtain(acquisitive, inquisition, requisition),QUER, QUIR, QUES是与QUIS同源的词根(inquiry, question);后缀-ITE参见graphite,perquisite意为“临时津贴,临时收入”,在英国指“(给仆役等的)赏钱,酒钱”,在法国指“(庄园领主的)不定期收入;特权享有的东西”,如:One of the perquisites of my last job was the use of a company car.(我前一个工作的额外好处之一是可以使用一部公司的车子。)
  perspicacious中的PER-意为thoroughly,参见perfidious;SPIC,也作SPEC, SPECT,有时作SPIS,源自拉丁语,意为to look, look at or behold(aspect, auspicious, bespectacled, circumspect, conspicuous, despicable, despise, disrespect, expect, expectant, expectation, inspector, introspection, perspective, perspicacity, prospect, respect, respectable, special, specific, specification, specify, specious, spectacle, spectacular, spectator, specter, spectrum, speculate, suspect, suspicion, suspicious);形容词后缀-ACIOUS意为“有…倾向的,爱…的,…多的”(loquacious, pugnacious),perspicacious意为“颖悟的;敏锐的;聪明的”,古意为“眼光锐利的”,如:a perspicacious critic(一位敏锐的批评家)
  
  phantasm中的PHAN可作词根,也作PHEN, FAN,phantasm 也是源自希腊语的拉丁语借词
,意为to appear or seem, to present to the mind(diaphanous, fanciful, fantasy, phantasmagoria, phenomenon),phantasm为希腊语借词,意为“幻像,幻影;幽灵;幻想,空想”,古意为“幻觉,错觉”,如:When night fell, his imagination filled the old, dark house with phantasms.(当夜幕降临,在他想象中,那所阴暗的老房子显得鬼影曈曈。)
  phenomenon中的PHEN即PHAN,参见上文;phenomenon为拉丁语借词,源自希腊语,phenomenon意为“(哲学的)现象,事件(pl. phenomena);稀有现象;奇迹;珍奇;珍品;非凡的人(pl. phenomenons);(医学的)症候”,如:It’s a TV program about the phenomenon of international terrorism.(这个电视节目是有关国际恐怖主义现象的。)/ Still walking five miles a day at the age of 100, the woman was an absolute phenomenon.(都100岁高龄了还每天步行5英里,这位老妇真可谓奇人。)
  
  philosophy中的PHILO,即PHIL,源自希腊语,意为love, loving, to love, to like(anglophile, bibliophile, Philadelphia, philanderer, philanthropist, philanthropy, philharmonic, philologist, philology, philosopher),参见bibliophile,另参见前缀MISO-;SOPH也源自希腊语,意为wisdom(sophist, sophisticate, sophisticated, sophistry, Sophocles, sophomore);后缀-Y在此表示抽象名词,参见heterodoxy,philosophy意为“哲学;哲理,哲学体系;世界观,人生观;宗旨;(某一门学科的)基本原理;哲学家的态度,达观,泰然自若;悟道,大悟;(除医学、法学、神学外的)所有学科;(古语指)中世纪大学的高等学术”,如:the philosophy of Nietzsche(尼采的思想体系)/ Eastern religions and philosophies(东方的宗教与哲学)/ My philosophy is, I leave work at 6 o’clock and forget all about it till the next day.(我的态度是,6点下班之后就再也不想工作的事,等到第二天上班再说。)
  phosphorescent中的PHOS,也作PHOT/PHOTO,源自希腊语,意为light(phosphor, phosphorus, photogenic, photography, photon, photosynthesis);PHOR也源自希腊语,意为to carry, to bear,后缀-PHORE则意为bearer, carrier(phoresis, semaphore);PHOS与PHOR构成的前缀PHOSPHOR-,也作PHOSPHORO-,表示“磷,磷光,含磷的”(phosphorate, phosphoresce, phosphorescence, phosphorograph, phosphorography, phosphoroscope, phosphorous),而前缀PHOSPHO-/PHOSPH-仅表示“磷”(phosphate, phosphide, phosphonic);形容词后缀-ESCENT表示“开始…,变为…”,“…期的”,“…性的”(adolescent, evanescent, obsolescent, recrudescent),对应的名词后缀为-ESCENCE,表示“作用”,“变化”,“过程”,“状态”(convalescence, luminescence),对应的动词后缀为-ESCE,常用于拉丁语系动词之后,表示“开始…”,“…起来”,“渐渐…”,“…化”(等)(convalesce, efferoesce),phosphorescent意为“发磷光的,磷光质的”,如:a pale green phosphorescent light(绿磷质的弱光)
  
  photosynthesis中的PHOTO意为light,参见上文;前缀SYN-,用于字母l之前作SYL-,用于b, m, p之前作SYM-,用于r之前作SYR-,用于s之前作SYS-或SY-,表示“共,合,同,与,连,类”(asymmetric, syllable, syllabus, syllogism, symbiosis, symbiotic, symmetrical, symmetry, sympathetic, sympathy, symphonic, symphony, symposium, symptom, symptomatic, synagogue, synapse, synchronize, synchronous, syndrome, synergistic, synergy, synonym, synopsis, synthesis, synthetic, system, systematic, systematize);THESIS意为putting(antithesis, synthesis, thesis),photosynthesis意为“光合作用;光能合成”,如:Sagebrush survives in harsh climates because it is capable of carrying on photosynthesis at very low temperatures.(山艾能在恶劣的气候中存活下来是由于在低温条件之下还能进行光合作用。)
  placebo中的PLAC,也作PLAIS,源自拉丁语,意为to please or to be agreeable to, to soothe or calm(complaisant, implacable, placidity, pleasing, pleasant, pleasurable),参见complaisant;placebo来自拉丁语,拉丁语原意为I shall please,英语词placebo意为“晚祷悼声或丧歌;安慰物,安慰剂;宽心话”,如:Your words have placebo effect to her.(你的话对她有安慰之效。)
  
  politicize中的POLIT,也作POLI, POLIS,源自希腊语,意为city,参见metropolis;后缀-IC参见paternalistic;动词后缀-IZE参见centralize,politicize作vi.意为“进行政治活动;谈论政治”,作vt.意为“使政治化;从政治上处理”,如:Abortion is already a highly politicized issue.(堕胎是否合法是个高度政治化的议题。)
  polytheism中的前缀POLY源自希腊语,意为many(polyandry, polychromatic, polychrome, polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polygraph, polymer, polymorphous, polyphonic, polyphony, polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytheistic);THE,也作THEO,源自希腊语,意为god(apotheosis, atheistic, monotheism, pantheistic, theocracy, theology);后缀-ISM用于构成抽象名词,参见capitalism,polytheism意为“多神教;多神论,多神主义”(反义词为monotheism),如:Hinduism is a religion primarily in India which is based on polytheism.(印度教是印度的主要宗教,以多神论为基石。)
  
  popular中的POPUL源自拉丁语,意为people(people, populace, population, populist, populous, vox populi);后缀-AR可表示:1.…的,…性的,…似的(familiar, polar, similar),popular中的-AR即为此意;2.……的人/物(altar, scholar);3.相当于名词后缀-ER, -OR(beggar, liar);popular作adj.意为“人民的,民众的,大众的,民间的;通俗的,普通的,平易的;有人望的,得人心的,有名气的;受欢迎的;流行的;大众化的;(民间)流传的;便宜的,低廉的”,美国俚语中意为“自以为了不起的,骄傲的”;作n.意为“大众音乐会,流行音乐会”,即popular concert. 例如:Baggy jeans are now popular with teenagers.(如今,宽大的牛仔裤在十多岁的少年中很流行。)/ Contrary to popular belief, dogs are not colorblind.(与通常的看法相反的是,狗并非色盲。)/ Opposition leaders are calling for a popular uprising against the government.(反对党领袖们号召民众起义反对政府。)
  portentous中的POR源自拉丁语,意为forth(porrect, portend, portent);TENT,也作TEND, TENS,源自拉丁语,意为to stretch, to go, to strive,参见hypertension;后缀-OUS参见analogous,portentous意为“预兆的;不吉的;可惊的,怪异的;奇特的;可怕的”,作戏谑语意为“(沉默等)严肃的”,作蔑称意为“自命不凡的;妄自尊大的”,例如:Recent developments are as portentous as the collapse of Berlin Wall.(最近的事态发展一如柏林墙倒塌般重大。)/ a portentous film(一部主题严肃的影片)
  
  portfolio中的PORT源自拉丁语,意为to carry, to bear(deport, deportation, deportee, export, exportation, exporter, import, important, importation, importer, portable, portage, purport, report, reporter, support, supporter, transport, transportation);FOLIO,也作FOLI,源自拉丁语,意为leaf(defoliant, defoliate, foliage, folio),portfolio意为“纸夹;文件夹;公文包;部长/大臣的职位;(艺术家等的)代表作选辑”,美语中常意为“有价证券一览表/明细表;(保险)业务量/业务责任”,例如:an investment portfolio(有价证券投资明细表)/ the foreign affairs portfolio(外交事务职权范围)
  postpone中的POST,源自拉丁语,常作前缀,意为after, later; behind, posterior to(postaxial, postdate, posthumous, postmodern, postmortem, postnasal, postpartum, postscript, posterior, postwar);PON,也作POS, POSIT,也源自拉丁语,意为to put, to place(apposition, appositive, component, compose, composite, depose, deposit, deposition, depository, dispose, disposition, exponent, expose, exposition, impose, imposition, interpose, opponent, oppose, opposite, opposition, pose, posit, position, posture, proponent, proposal, propose, repose, repository, superimpose, suppose, supposition, transpose, transposition),postpone作vt.意为“使延期,延缓;搁置(until, till, to, for);把…视为次要,把…放在次要地位(to)”,用于语法意为“把(某种词等)放在后面/句尾”;作vi.用于医学,意为“(疟疾等)延迟发作/复发。例如:The meeting’s been postponed until tomorrow.(会议已经延期到明天了。)
  
  precursor中的前缀PRE-表示“前,更早,先,预先”(prehistory, premedical, premolar, prepay, preschool, prevent);CURS,也作CUR, CURR, COURS(concurrence, concurrent, courier, course, current, cursor, cursory, discourse, discursive, excursion, incursion, incursive, occurrence, recourse, recurrence, recurrent),参见currency;后缀-OR参见doctrinaire, enamored;precursor意为“前辈,前驱,先锋;前任;预兆;先兆”等,如:The Office of Strategic Services was the precursor of the CIA.(战略服务办公室是中情局的前身。)
  predominance中的前缀PRE-参见上文;DOMIN源自拉丁语,意为to rule, master, tyranny,相关的词根DOM也源自拉丁语,意为house(Anno Domini, domain, domicile, dominant, dominate, domination, domineer, domineering, dominion, indomitable, predominant, predominate);名词后缀-ANCE参见ascendancy,predominance意为“优越,优势;卓越,出众;显著,突出”,如:the predominance of Latinos in the community(社区中拉丁美洲人的优势地位)/ America's predominance in the military world(美国在军事领域的优势)

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FrederickE 发表于 2008-9-3 05:00:00 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群

  
  prehensile中的PREHENS,也作PREHEND,源自拉丁语,意为to seize(apprehend, apprehensive, comprehend, comprehensive, reprehensible);-ILE可作adj.后缀(agile, futile, infantile),也可作n.后缀(missile, textile),prehensile中的-ILE为adj.后缀,参见automobile;prehensile意为“(动物的足、尾等)适合抓拿的,适于缠卷的,(有)捕握(力)的;善于领悟的,有洞察力的”,如:the monkey’s prehensile tail / the prehensile tail of a monkey(猴的卷尾)/ the prehensile writers(富有洞察力的作家们)
  premonition中的前缀PRE-参见precursor;MONI,或作MONIT,用于元音字母之前也作MON,源自拉丁语,意为to warn, to scold(admonish, monitor, monitory);名词后缀-ITION表示“动作”,“状态”(definition, expedition, transition),premonition意为“预先的警告或告诫,预诫;预感,前兆,征兆”,如:She had a premonition that she would die in a plane crash.(她有预感会在空难中丧生。)
  
  pretext中的前缀PRE-参见precursor;TEXT源自拉丁语,意为to weave(context, subtext, textile, textual, texture),pretext作n.意为“借口,口实,托词;假象,掩饰(for)”,作vt.意为“借口,假托”,例如:Mr. Baines was glad to have a pretext for leaving the party early.(Baines先生很高兴能有一个早点离开聚会的借口。)/ They used “poor performance” as a pretext to fire him.(他们借口他“表现差劲”,把他解雇了。)/ The gang enters people’s houses under the pretext of making repairs, and then steals everything of value.(这帮贼以做维修为名进入他人家中,然后将所有值钱的东西都偷走。)
  primeval中的PRIM源自拉丁语,意为first(primal, primary, primate, primer, primiparous, primitive, primogeniture, primordial);EV也源自拉丁语,意为age, lifetime(coeval, longevity, medieval);后缀-AL参见bilingual,primeval意为“早期的,原始(时代)的,太古的”,如:The sun and planets formed from a primeval cloud of gas about 5 billion years ago.(太阳和各大行星形成于50亿年前宇宙早期的气态云。)
  
  productive中的前缀PRO-可表示:1. a)代,副(pronoun, proconsul);b)亲,赞成,偏袒(pro-American, prorevolutionary);c)出,向前,在前(produce, propel, profane),productive中的PRO-即为此意;d)按,照(proportion);e)公开(proclaim);2.(位置、时间)前,先(prognathic/prognathous, prologue);DUCT,也作DUC,源自拉丁语,意为to lead,参见introduce;后缀-IVE参见impulsive,productive意为“生产的,生产性的;有生产能力的;多产的;产生/出产…的(of)”,如:Despite his health problems, Gilbert lives a productive life.(尽管Gilbert有健康方面的问题,可他过着富有成就的人生。)/ Fertilizers make the land more productive.(肥料使土地更加高产。)/ The meeting was productive of several good ideas.(会议上产生了好些不错的创意。)
 propeller中的前缀PRO-参见上文;PEL,也作PULS,源自拉丁语,意为to push, to drive,参见impulsive;后缀-ER另行注释;propeller,也作propellor,意为“推进者;(汽船、飞机的)螺旋桨,推进器;暗轮汽船”。
  
  后缀-ER的用法:1.加在名词、形容词、动词和动词词组构成的复合词之后构成名词。a)表示“…的人/动物/植物”(hunter, singer, woodpecker);b)表示“…东西/器具/机械”,“…的事情”(gasburner, eyeopener);c)表示“…的物质”,“…剂”(deodorizer);d)表示“…(地方)的人”,“…居民”(Londoner, westerner; cottager, villager);e)表示“参与…的人”,“造…的人”,“…商”,“…研究者”,“…学者”(farmer, gardener, hatter, geographer);f)在近代口语中:1)构成该动作的名词(backhander (= back-handed blow), diner (= dining car));2)构成来自数词的名词(fiver (= 5 pound/dollar note), tenner);3)使其他后缀的名词带有口语意味(Rugger (= Rugby football), Soccer (= association football));2.加在古法语名词或形容词的后面(carpenter, potter, sampler);3.加在形容词或副词之后构成比较级。a)使单音节形容词,或以-y, -ly, -le, -er, -ow结尾的双音节形容词,或其他少数形容词,尤其是重音位于最后一个音节的形容词,使之成为比较级(richer, lazier, likelier, tenderer, serener, narrower),但在古体诗或古体散文中,也有用其他形容词构成比较级的;b)使不是-ly结尾的(主要是与形容词同形的)副词构成比较级(harder, faster, sooner);4.构成有动作意义的名词(rejoinder, supper);5.表示动作发生多次或反复发生。a)原为动词(wander (< wend), waver (<wave));b)原为拟声词(chatter, twitter, flicker, glitter)。
  
  property中的PROP,也作PROPRI,源自拉丁语,意为own(appropriate, expropriate, proprietary, proprietor, propriety);property与propriety都源自意为ownership的拉丁语词proprietas,英语词property意为“财产;资产;所有物;所有地,地产;所有,所有权;性质,特征,属性,特性;(逻辑学的)非本质特性”,复数形式properties用于戏剧指“道具”,在英国指“服装”。例如:What’s the full market value of the property?(这些资产的市场价值是什么?)/ Police recovered some of the stolen property.(警方找回了一些被盗走的财物。)/ All sound has three properties: pitch, volume, and duration.(所有声音都具有三大特征:音高、音量与持续时间。)
  prototype中的PROTO,也作PROT,源自希腊语,意为first in time, first formed(protagonist, protocol, protohistory, proton, protoplanet, protoplasm, protozoa);TYPE独立成词亦可作后缀,意即type(ferrotype, phenotype),prototype意为“原型;典型;样板;模范,标准;试制型式;样机;样品”,例如:a working prototype of the new model(新模型的活动样品)/ The system of checks and balances is now cited as the prototype of limiting power in democracies.(如今,三权分立制度被引为民主国家限制权力的典范形式。)
  
  psychiatry中的PSYCH源自希腊语,意为breath, life, soul, spirit, mind(psyche, psychedelic, psychiatric, psychiatrist, psychic, psychoanalysis, psychoanalyst, psychoanalyze, psychologist, psychology, psychopath, psychopathic, psychosis, psychosomatic, psychotherapist, psychotherapy, psychotic);后缀-IATRY用于构成名词,表示医治法(podiatry),psychiatry意为“精神病学;精神病治疗法”。
  punctilious中的PUNCT,也作PUNC, PUNG,源自拉丁语,意为to prick or stab; point(compunction, expunge, punctual, punctuation, puncture, pungent);punctilious派生自名词punctilio,punctilio来自已不使用的意大利语词punctiglio,英语词punctilio (pl. punctilios)意为“(仪式等的)细节;死板,拘板,拘泥形式”,则punctilious意为“礼仪烦琐的;死板的,拘泥形式的”,如:a punctilious host(细致得面面俱到的主人)
  
  purgative中的PURG源自拉丁语,意为to clean or cleanse(expurgate, purgatory, purge, unexpurgated);后缀-ATIVE表示关系、倾向、性质等(demonstrative, informative, talkative),purgative作adj.意为“洗清的,净化的;便通的”,古意为“证明无罪的”,作n.意为“泻药”,例如:Many a lazy afternoon in the orchard has led to the discovery of the purgative effect of too many apples.(在果园里消磨了许多懒散的下午,得到了一个发现,就是吃了太多苹果之后,这些苹果就发挥了泻药的功效。)
  quadrennial中的QUADR,也作QUADRI, QUART,源自拉丁语,意为four; fourth(quart, quarter, quadrangle, quadrille, quadriplegic, quadruplet),QUADRI/QUADR也可表示数学中的“平方,二次”(quadratic, quadric);ENN,也作ANN,意为year,参见anniversary, centenarian;后缀-IAL用于构成adj.,表示“具有…性质的”;“属于…的”(axial, ceremonial),quadrennial作adj.意为“连续四年的;每四年一次”,作n.意为“每四年一次的事件;连续四年的时间;第四周年;四周年纪念”。
  
  quartile中的QUART参见上文;后缀-ILE参见automobile,quartile意为“(统计学的)四分数位(的);四分数位一组(的)”,如:The schools in our town always average in the lowest quartile in both reading and math achievement.(我们镇里的学校常常在阅读和数学成绩最差的四分之一学生中采取措施,使他们在这两方能赶上成绩好一点的学生。)
  quintessential中的QUINT,有时也作QUIN,源自拉丁语,意为five(quincentennial, quintessential, quintet, quintile, quintuplet);ESS也源自拉丁语,意为be(essence, essential);后缀-ENT参见accident;后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,quintessential意为“精华的,精髓的;典型的,典范的,最完美的”,如:New York is a quintessential big city.(纽约是座典型的大城市。)
  recompense中的前缀RE-可表示:1.相互,报复(react, revenge),recompense中的RE-即为此意;2.反对(resist, revolt);3.后,在后(relie, remain);4.隐退,秘密(recluse, reticent);5.离,去,下(remiss, reside, retail);6.反复,加强语气(redouble, refine, research, resolve);7.否定(resign, reveal);8.又,再,重新,重行(readjust, rebuild, reissue, recapture, reentrance);前缀COM-参见collapse;PENS,也作PEND,源自拉丁语,意为to hang, to pay, to weigh(append, appendage, appendectomy, appendix, compensation, depend, dependence, dependent, expend, expense, expensive, impending, independence, independent, pendant, pending, pendulous, pendulum, pension, pensive, perpendicular, propensity, suspend, suspenders, suspense, suspension),recompense作n.意为“报应;报酬;回报;回礼;偿还;赔偿”,作vt.意为“酬答,回报;偿还,赔偿”,如:The reason for the lawsuit is to recompense the victims for their injuries.(诉讼的理由是要补偿受害人遭受的伤害。)/ The guidelines say what is fair recompense for church musicians.(这些准则说明了如何合理报偿教会乐师。)
  rectangle中的RECT,也作REG,有时也作REGI,源自拉丁语,意为straight, right; to rule; king(correct, correction, direct, direction, director, erect, rectify, rectilinear, rectitude, rector, regal, regalia, regency, regent, regicide, regime, regiment, region, regional, regular, regularity, regulate, regulation);ANGLE即可作为构词成分,亦可独立成词(angle, triangle),rectangle意为“矩形,长方形”。
  
  refugee中的前缀RE-意为“离,去”,参见recompense;FUG源自拉丁语,意为to flee(centrifugal, fugitive, fugue, refuge, subterfuge);后缀-EE表示“动作者”,参见nominee,refugee作n.意为“(特指逃避战祸或政治、宗教迫害的)难民,避难者,亡命者;逃亡者”,作adj.意为“避难的,逃难的”,作vi.意为“逃难,避难”,例如:Refugees were streaming across the border.(难民不断涌过边境。)/ a refugee camp(难民营)
  renaissance中的RE-意为“再,重新”,参见recompense;NAISS,即NASC,也作NAT, NAI,源自拉丁语,意为to be born, birth, race, nation(cognate, innate, nascent, na&iuml;ve, natal, nation, national, native, nativity, natural, nature, postnatal, prenatal, renaissance, unnatural);后缀-ANCE参见ascendancy,renaissance作n.意为“复兴;新生;复活”,the Renaissance特指“(14-16世纪欧洲的)文艺复兴(时期);文艺复兴时期(的美术、建筑)式样”;Renaissance作adj.意为“文艺复兴(时代)的,文艺复兴式的”,如:American classical music is enjoying a renaissance.(美国的传统音乐正在复兴未艾。)
  
  renegade中的RE-用于加强语气,参见recompense;NEG意为to say no(abnegation, negate, negative, negligible, renege);由后缀-ADE构成的词可表示:1.动作(blockade),renegade中的-ADE即为此意;2.行动中的集团(cavalcade);3.动作的结果或成品(masquerade, pomade);4.某些饮料(lemonade);renegade作n.意为“叛教者,改信伊斯兰教的基督徒;变节者,叛徒,脱党者”;作adj.意为“叛教的,变节的”;作vi.意为“背叛,变节;脱党;背教”,如:As a renegade from liberalism, the neoconservative mocked all his former beliefs.(作为自由主义阵营的背叛者,新保守主义者嘲弄其先前所有的信仰。)
  replenish中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;PLEN,也作PLET, PLE, PLI, PLY,源自拉丁语,意为to fill; full(complement, complementary, complete, compliance, comply, deplete, depletion, expletive, plenary, plenitude, plenteous, plentiful, plenty, replete, supplement, supply);后缀-ISH用于构成形容词时表示:1.“…的”,“…民族的”,“…语的”(English, heathenish, Swedish);2.“…似的”,“…气的”,“患…的”(fiendish, foolish, selfish, feverish);3.“…一样的”(childish, girlish, monkish);4.“微…的”(coldish, greenish);-ISH也可用于构成动词(abolish, finish, punish),replenish中的-ISH即为此用法;replenish意为“再斟满,再装满(with);装足,装满,补充(钱袋等);加强”,如:As more workers retire, new employees are needed to replenish the workforce.(随着更多的劳工退休,必须有新雇员加入生产大军。)
  
  reprobate中的前缀RE-意为back, backward,参见recompense;PROB也作PROV,源自拉丁语,意为to prove; proof, honesty, integrity(approbation, disprove, probate, probity, prove);后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,reprobate作vt.意为“拒绝,排斥;谴责”,用于宗教指“(上帝)摒弃;(天)罚”;作adj.意为“为上帝摒弃的;邪恶的,堕落的”;作n.意为“为上帝摒弃的人;堕落的人;恶棍”,如:reprobate behavior(堕落的行为)/ a nasty old reprobate(下流的老恶棍)
 
 
  resistance中的前缀RE-意为back,参见recompense;SIST源自拉丁语,意为to stand, to set(assist, assistance, consist, consistency, consistent, desist, exist, existence, inconsistent, insist, insistence, persist, persistence, resist, resistance, resistant, subsist, subsistence);名词后缀-ANCE,参见ascendancy,resistance意为“抵抗,反抗,抗拒,抵御;敌对,抵抗力,反抗力,阻力”,用于生物学指“抗病性”,用于电学指“电阻;阻抗;电阻器”,例如:It’s surprising how little resistance there’s been to the new budget plan.(令人惊讶的是,新的预算计划遇到的阻力出奇地小。)/ Vitamins can build up your resistance to colds and flu.(维他命能增强人体对于伤风与流感的抵抗力。)
  
  retrogression中的前缀RETRO-表示“向后,倒退,追溯”(retroact, retroaction, retroactive, retrocede, retrocession, retrogradation, retrograde, retrogress, retrorocket, retrospect, retrospection, retroversion);GRESS,也作GRAD,偶尔作GRED,源自拉丁语,意为to step, to walk(aggression, aggressive, aggressor, centigrade, congressional, degradation, degrade, degree, digress, digression, egress, gradation, gradient, gradual, graduate, ingredient, ingress, progress, progression, regress, regression, retrogressive, transgress, transgression),参见biodegradable;名词后缀-ION此处表示过程,参见abstraction,retrogression意为“后退,倒退,退步,消退,堕落,衰微”,用于生物学指“退化”,用于天文学指“逆行(运动)”,用于化学指“逆反应”,例如:There has been a major retrogression in relations between the two nations.(两国关系出现了全面倒退。)
 
 
  revoke中的前缀RE-意为back,参见recompense;VOK,也作VOC,源自拉丁语,意为to call, to speak, to use voice(avocation, convocation, convoke, evocative, evoke, invocation, invoke, provocation, provoke, revocation, vocabulary, vocation),revoke作vt.意为“取消,撤销,收回,作废,废除,解除(命令、权利、诺言等)”;作vi. 或n.用于排戏,指“(不跟出同样花色的牌)犯规另出他牌”(make a revoke),例如:His license was revoked for selling alcohol to minors.(他卖酒给未成年人,被吊销了营业执照。)
  
  revolve中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;VOLV,也作VOLU/VOLUT,源自拉丁语,意为to roll, wind, turn around, or twist around(convoluted, devolution, evolution, voluble),revolve作vi.意为“旋转,绕转;运行,周转”,用于天文学指“公转,循环”;作vt.意为“使旋转;使周转;细想,转念头,盘算”,例如:A green and blue mobile revolved slowly above our heads.(一个蓝绿相间的活动装置在我们的头顶上方慢慢旋转。)/ You’re so selfish – you think the world revolves around you, don’t you?(你太自私了——你认为自己重要到世界要围着你转,不是吗?)
 
 
  sacrosanct中的SACRO,也作SACR, SANCT,源自拉丁语,意为holy(sacrament, sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege, sacrilegious, sacristy, sanctify, sanctimony, sanction, sanctuary),sacrosanct集合了同一词根的两种形式,cascade也是这种情况,不同的是,sacrosanct的字面义为made holy by a sacred rite,两个不同形式的词根各有含义,cascade的同一词根的两种形式起的是强调作用,sacrosanct意为“神圣不可侵犯的”,如:Marriage is no longer sacrosanct – in fact, it isn’t even seen as necessary.(婚姻再也不是神圣不可侵犯的了——事实上,甚至未必被视为必要了。)
  
  scansion中的SCANS,即SCAND/SCEND,源自拉丁语,意为to climb(ascend, condescend, descend, descendant, transcend),参见ascendancy;名词后缀-ION参见abstraction,scansion意为“按(轻重)节奏/韵律念,节奏/韵律分析”。
  segmental中的SEG,也作SEC, SECT,源自拉丁语,意为to cut(bisect, dissect, insect, intersect, intersection, sect, section, sector, segmentation, vivisection);后缀-MENT参见implement;后缀-AL参见bilingual,segmental也作segmentary,意为“节的;段的;分节的;分段的;部分的;线段的;弓形的;圆缺的;球缺的”,用于生物学指“环节的;体节的;分节的”,如:segmental organ(环节器官)/ segmental phonemes(分解音素[指音节中的元音、辅音和半元音])
  
  semitone中的SEMI,源自拉丁语,也作HEMI,源自希腊语,意为half,参见demitasse, hemiplegia;TONE独立成词,semitone用于音乐,意为“半音;半音程”,如:a major/minor semitone(长/短半音)
  sensuous中的SENSU,即SENS,也作SENT,有时也作SENTI,源自拉丁语,意为to feel; feeling, sense(sensation, sensational, sense, sensual, sentient, sentiment);后缀-OUS参见analogous,sensuous意为“感觉(上)的;感官的;敏感的;官能享受的;(引起)美感的;审美的”,sensuous与sensual的不同之处在于前者不含丑恶意义。例如:We saw a performance of Wagner's sensuous opera, “Tristan und Isolde”.(我们观赏了瓦格纳的“Tristan und Isolde”,享受了一场歌剧盛宴,。)
  
  signet中的SIGN独立成词,亦可作词根,源自拉丁语,意为sign or mark(assignation, design, designate, resign, sign, signatory);后缀-ET的用法:1. a) [主要加在法语的名词之后]表示“小”(bullet, eaglet, fillet, islet, sonnet),signet中的-ET即为此意(但hatchet, packet, pocket等已失去“小”的意义);b) 表示“组”,“组合”(octet, quartet, quintet);c) 表示“穿上的东西”(anklet);2.也作-ETE,表示“…者”,“做…的人”(aesthete, athlete, poet)。signet意为“印;图章;玺(the signet);(比喻)痕迹,影像”,苏格兰语中,writer to the signet一语用于法律,指“律师”。例如:signet ring(图章戒指)
  simulacrum中的SIMUL,也作SIMIL,源自拉丁语,意为to make like; like, resembling, similar(assimilate, facsimile, similar, simile, simultaneous),参见assimilate;simulacrum源自意为simulate的拉丁语动词simulare,simulacrum (pl. simulacra)意为“像;影,幻影;伪品,假象”,如:Life reverted to a simulacrum of what it had been. (M. Scammell)(生活回到了曾对其有过的幻想之中。)
  
  soluble中的SOLU,也作SOLUT, SOLV,源自拉丁语,意为to loosen, free, release(absolve, dissolution, dissolve, resolve, solution, solve, solvent),参见absolve;后缀-BLE即-ABLE参见biodegradable,soluble意为“可溶的,易溶解的(in);能解释的,能解决的”,用于数学指“可解的”,如:To the optimistic young principal, the school’s problems looked challenging but soluble.(校长又乐观又年轻,对他而言,学校的问题看起来虽然充满挑战,但也都能解决。)
  somniloquy中的SOMNI,也作SOMN,源自拉丁语,意为sleep(somnambulate, somniferous, somnolence/somnolency, Somnus);LOQU,也作LOC, LOCUT,源自拉丁语,意为to speak, to talk(circumlocution, colloquial, colloquy, elocution, eloquence, eloquent, interlocutor, locution, loquacious, soliloquy, ventriloquist);-Y此处用作抽象名词后缀,somniloquy也作somniloquence,意为“说梦话,梦呓”。
  
  subjunctive中的前缀SUB-可表示:1.在…之下,在下(substernal, subway);2.次级的;局部的;副;再,分,子(subperfect, subheading, subspecies, subdivide, sublet, subprogram);3.稍微,接近,近乎;次,亚,逊(subacid, subalpine, subaquatic, subatom, subtropical, subcylindrical, subdelirium, suberect, subhuman);4.[附加在倍数形容词之前表示该数的倒数](subdouble = 1: 2 [double = 2: 1], subtriple = 1:3 [triple = 3: 1]),SUB-加在以字母c, f, g, m, p, r等开头的源自拉丁语的词前时,分别写作SUC-, SUF-, SUG, SUM, SUP-, SUR-,在字母c, p, t之前又常写作SUS-;JUNCT,偶尔作JUNT,源自拉丁语,意为join(adjunct, conjunction, disjunction, injunction, junction, junta);后缀-IVE参见impulsive,subjunctive是个语法用词,作adj.意为“虚拟的,假设的”,如:the subjunctive mood(虚拟语气);作n.意为“虚拟语气;(动词的)虚拟时态”。
  subservient中的前缀SUB-意为below,参见subjunctive;SERVI即SERV,源自拉丁语,意为to be subject to(servant, serve, service, serviceable, servile, servitude);后缀-ENT参见accident,subservient意为“充当下手的,充当工具(的);从属的;有帮助的,有用的,有贡献的;卑躬曲节的”,如:The rights of the individual are made subservient to the interests of the state.(个人权利的设置从属于国家利益。)
  
  succeed中的SUC-即SUB-,意为near,参见subjunctive;CEED,也作CED, CESS,源自拉丁语,意为to go, to move, to yield,参见intercession,succeed作vt.意为“继…之后,继续;接着…发生”,用于诗歌指“使成功”;作vi.意为“成功,获得成效;(计划等)顺利进行;继承,承受;接连,接着发生(to)”,意为“继承”等对应的n., adj.分别为succession, successive;意为“成功”等对应的n., adj.分别为success, successful. 例如:Officers succeeded in persuading the man to put down his gun.(官员们成功说服那个人放下了枪。)/ Nobody thought he would ever succeed as an artist.(没人想过他会成为一个艺术家,还做的不错。)
  superlative中的前缀SUPER-意为“在…之上;从上;再;特别;极,过度;超;总;次,副”(superabundance, superaddition, superannuated, superclass, supercolossal, super-conductor, supercrescent, supercriminal, superexcellent, superfine, superhuman, superimpose, superinduction, superintendent, supernational, supersaturate, superscription, supersensitive);LAT源自拉丁语,为词根FER的过去分词形式,意为to carry, to bear(collate, collation, correlation, elated, elation, interrelated, oblation, relative, translate, translation);后缀-IVE参见impulsive,superlative作adj.意为“最上的,最高的”,用于语法指“最高级的”,the superlative degree即“最高级”;作n.用于语法指“最高级;最高级词/形式”,如:superlative special effects(最特殊的效果)/ full of superlatives((话等)夸张的)/ speak in superlatives(夸大其词地讲)
  
  survival中的前缀SUR-与SUPER-相关,SUR-出现于来自古法语的英语词中与SUPER-同义(surcharge, surface, surpass, surrender);用于科学术语中与SUPER-, SUPRA-同义(surrenal = suprarenal);VIV,也作VIVI, VIT,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive(convivial, revitalize, revival, revive, revivify, survive, survivor, vital, vitality, vitally, vitamin, vivacious, vivacity, vivid, vivify, viviparous, vivisect, vivisection);后缀-AL参见bilingual,survival意为“生存;残存;幸存;残存者;成活(植株);残余,残存物,遗物,遗风”,如:the survival of the fittest(适者生存)/ philosophy of survival(保命哲学)/ Rain forest destruction is threatening the cultural survival of the Yanomami people.(热带雨林的破坏威胁着亚诺玛米人文化上的遗世独存。)
  suppose中的SUP-即SUB-,此处意为under,参见subjunctive;POS,也作PON,源自拉丁语,意为to put, to place,参见postpone,suppose意为“设想,推测;猜想某事/某人如何(to do; to be);假定[证题时用语,和given, provided通用];意味着;必须先假定,以…为必需条件”;用现在分词放在句首或祈使语气时意为“如果…好不好”;用于口语意为“如果”(= if)。例如:You’re not supposed to smoke in the building.(你不能在这座楼内吸烟。)/ Mattie supposed he would ask her to marry him.(玛蒂猜想他会向她求婚。)
  
  suspend中的SUS-即SUB-,此处意为under,参见subjunctive;PEND,也作PENS,源自拉丁语,意为to hang, to pay, to weigh,参见recompense,suspend作vt.意为“吊起,悬挂;停止;使停职,使停学;除名,开除;使悬而未决;保留(承诺、判断等);中止,暂时停止,暂时作废”,用于化学,意为“使悬浮(液中)”;作vi.意为“暂停,中止;悬空,悬宕;悬浮”,用于商业,意为“无理支付,宣布破产”,例如:Two large stainless steel frames were suspended from the ceiling.(两具巨大的不锈钢框架从天花板悬吊而下。)/ The town seemed suspended in time.(这个城镇似乎在时间上停住了。)/ The movie is a lot of fun, once you suspend disbelief.(一旦你搁置不相信,这部电影还是很有意思的。)
 
 
  syllogism中的SYL-也作SYN-, SYM-, SYR-,在字母l之前作SYL-,在b, m, p之前作SYM-,在r之前作SYR-,在s之前作SYS-或SY-,意为“共,合,同,与,连,类”(asymmetric, syllable, syllabus, syllogism, symbiosis, symbiotic, symmetrical, symmetry, sympathetic, sympathy, symphonic, symphony, symposium, symptom, symptomatic, synapse, synchronize, syndrome, synergistic, synergy, synonym, synopsis, synthesis, synthetic, system, systematic, systematize);LOG源自希腊语,意为word, speech, discourse, reason, study of(analogy, apologize, apology, Decalogue, dialogue, epilogue, eulogy, genealogy, logic, logical, logician, logistics, logo, monologue, neologism, prologue),参见analogous;后缀-ISM参见capitalism,syllogism意为“(逻辑学的)推论式,三段论(法);演绎法;巧妙的推论,诡辩”。
  
  symmetrical中的SYM-参见syllogism;METR,也作METER,源自希腊语,意为to measure(asymmetric, chronometer, diameter, geometric, geometry, isometric, kilometer, meter, metric, odometer, pedometer, perimeter, speedometer, symmetry, tachometer, thermometer);后缀-ICAL参见astronomical,symmetrical,也作symmetric,意为“对称的,匀称的,相称的,平衡的”,如:The columns on either side of the door were perfectly symmetrical.(在门两边的柱子,不论哪边都完美地匀称。)
  synergistic中的SYN-参见syllogism;ERG,也作ORG, URG,源自希腊语,意为to work,参见metallurgy,organ;后缀-IST参见archaeologist;后缀-IC参见paternalistic,synergistic意为“配合作用的[尤指药物];(人体各器官各部位如肌肉的)协同作用的”,其名词形式为synergism.
  
  system中的SY-参见syllogism;STEM,源自希腊语,与源自拉丁语的STA, STAN, STAT, STIN, STIT,意为to stand, to set, to set up,参见intrastate,system意为“体系,系统;分类法;组织;设备,装置;方式;方法;作业方法;制度;主义;次序,规律;世界,宇宙;[the system]身体,全身;机体”,用于天文学指“系;说”,用于音乐指“总谱表”,如:the digestive system(消化系统)/ the U.S. legal system(美国法律体系)/ He couldn’t get the feelings of guilt out of my system.(他无法从消除心里的罪恶感。)
  tactile中的TACT,也作TANG,源自拉丁语,意为to touch(contact, intact, tact, tactile, tangential, tangible);后缀-ILE参见automobile,tactile意为“触觉的,有触觉的,能触知的”,用于绘画指“表现/具有实体感觉的”,如:a tactile sensation(触感)/ a tactile animal(触觉动物)
  
  tangential中的TANG,也作TACT,源自拉丁语,意为to touch,参见tactile;后缀-ENT参见accident;后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,tangential,也作tangental,意为“稍微有点关系的;肤浅的,离开本题的;突然越出常态的”,常用于数学指“切线的;切的;正切的”,如:Even the tangential characters are wittily drawn.(甚至离奇的人物也被诙谐地描绘。)
  telepathic中的前缀TELE-意为“远,远距离,遥控;电视;电信;电传”,也意为“目的,末端”(telegenic, telemeter, telemetry, teleological, teleology, telephoto, telescope, television);PATH源自希腊语,意为suffering(apathetic, empathy, pathetic, pathology, pathos, sociopath);后缀-IC参见acerbic等词,telepathic意为“心灵感应的,以心传心的”,如:She must be telepathic.(她一定是会心灵感应。)/ telepathic messages(心有灵犀的信息)
  
  tendency中的TEND,也作TENS, TENT,源自拉丁语,意为to stretch, to go, to strive,参见hypertension;后缀-ENCY参见ascendancy,tendency意为“倾向,趋势;性情,偏好(to; toward);(话或作品等的)旨趣,意向,倾向性”,如:A teenager’s tendency for acne problems could be genetic.(少年时可能得痤疮,可能是遗传决定的。)/ For years, he kept his suicidal tendencies a secret.(多年以来,他将自己的自杀倾向视作秘密隐藏着。)
  tenure中的TEN也作TIN, TAIN,源自拉丁语,意为to hold, to hold on to, to keep,参见entertain, maintenance;后缀-URE参见closure,tenure意为“(财产、职位等的)占有,保有,享有;占有期间;占有条件;(土地的)使用(权,期),所有权”,如:If a professor doesn’t get tenure after ten years, he probably never will.(如果一位教授十年之后还不能获得终生教职,那他可能永远也没机会了。)/ Under Richardson’s tenure as commander, the Navy grew dramatically.(Richardson任司令官期间,海军的成长引人注目。)
  
  terrestrial源自拉丁语词terrestris,而terrestris源自拉丁语词terra,TERR即源自terra,意为earth(parterre, subterranean, terrace, terrarium, territory);后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,terrestrial作adj.意为“地球(上)的;地球的(生活等),人间的[反义为celestial],现世的;陆地的,陆生的,陆栖的(动植物)”;作n.意为“地球居民”,偶尔也可指“地球”,复数形式terrestrials意为“陆生动/植物,陆栖动物”。例如:terrestrial life(地球生物)/ a terrestrial globe(地球仪)/ terrestrial aims/interests(名利心)/ terrestrial planets(类地行星)
 
  tessera中的TESSER即TESSAR,也作TETRA/TETR,源自拉丁语,意为four(tetracycline, tetrahedron, tetralogy, tetrapod),tessera意为“镶嵌物[玻璃、象牙、大理石等作成的小方块]”,古罗马时指“(骨、象牙、木头等做的)入场券/证;骰子;标记”。
  
  tetracycline中的TETRA参见terrera;CYCL,也作CYCLO,源自希腊语,常作前缀,意为“(循)环;回旋/转;环(状,合,化);圆”(cycle, cyclic/cyclical, cyclist, cyclocross, cycloid, cyclometer, cyclopaedia/cyclopedia, cyclotron);后缀-INE参见aquamarine,tetracycline即“四环素”。
  theonomous中的THEO,也作THE,源自希腊语,意为god(apotheosis, atheistic, monotheism, pantheistic, polytheistic, theocentric, theocracy, theologian, theology, theophany);后缀-NOMOUS源自-NOMY,-NOMY源自希腊语,意为“法”,“学”(astronomy, autonomous, autonomy, economy),theonomous意为“神统治的,神控制的”。
  
  torsion中的TORS,也作TORT, TOR,源自拉丁语,意为to twist, to wind, to wrench(contort, contortion, contortionist, distort, distortion, extort, extortion, retort, torque, torsion, tort, torture, tortuous);后缀-ION参见abstraction,torsion意为“扭转;扭(转)力”,用于物理学指“扭(力)矩,转(力)距”,用于医学指“捩转”,如:torsion balance(扭秤)/ torsion meter(扭力计)/ torsion pendulum([物理学]扭摆)
 
 
  transfigure中的TRANS源自拉丁语,意为through, across, beyond(transfer, transfiguration, transfuse, transient, translation, transmit, transportation);FIG源自拉丁语,意为to shape, to form, to mold(configuration, disfigure, effigy, figment, figurative, figure, figurine, prefigure);后缀-URE参见closure,transfigure意为“改变…的形状/容貌,使变形;使改观;美化,理想化,神圣化”,如:Her face was transfigured with joy.(她的脸上洋溢着欢乐,显得更美了。)
  
  transmute中的TRANS参见transfigure;MUT源自拉丁语,意为to change(commutation, immutable, mutate, mutation, permutation),transmute作vt.意为“使变形/变质,使变化”,用于化学指“使嬗变”;作vi.意为“变化,变形,变质”,如:Her paintings show humans transmuting into animals.(她在画中表现了人类变形成动物。)
 
 
  travesty中的TRA简化自TRANS,参见transfigure;VEST源自拉丁语,意为to clothe, to dress; clothing, garment(divest, investiture, transvestite, vest),travesty与transvestite为同源词;后缀-Y在此表示抽象名词,参见heterodoxy,travesty作n.意为“滑稽模仿;谐摹诗/文;拙劣的做法/演出;牵强附会,曲解”;作vt.意为“滑稽化;拙劣地表演”,如:travesty role([戏剧中的]反串角色)/ It would have been a travesty of justice to not punish them.(不惩罚他们,就是对司法的扭曲。)/ travesty one’s manner(滑稽地模仿某人的举止)
  
  trimester中的TRI常作前缀,源自希腊语或拉丁语,意为three(triangle, triceratops, tricolor, tricycle, trident, trilogy, trinity, triptych, triumvirate, trivial);MESTER源自拉丁语,意为month(semester),trimester意为“(约)三个月;(一年三学期制的)学期”,semester意为“六个月的时期;(美、德等国学校课程的)半学年;一学期”。
  turbulent中的TURBU即TURB,源自拉丁语,意为to throw into confusion or upset; crowd, confusion(disturbance, perturb, turbine, turbid);后缀-LENT表示“充满…的;富于…的;以…为特征的”(pestilent, violent),turbulent意为“激流的;湍流的;骚乱的;强横的”,如:Jason grew up in the South during the turbulent years of the 1960s.(Jason在1960年代骚乱的那些年间成长在南方。)
  
  tutorial中的TUT,也作TUI, TUIT,源自拉丁语,意为to guide, guard, or teach,参见intuition;名词后缀-OR参见doctrinaire;后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,tutorial作adj.意为“(大学)导师的;家庭教师的;辅导的;监护人的”;作n.意为“个人辅导时间;受大学教育时间”。例如:the tutorial system(导师制)/ a psychology tutorial(心理学个人辅导)
 
   ultrasonography中的ULTRA源自拉丁语,作前缀,意为beyond; extreme; excessive(ultraconservative, ultramicro, ultra-right, ultraviolet);SONO即SON,源自拉丁语,意为sound(dissonant, resonance, sonata, sonic, sonorous, ultrasound);后缀-GRAPHY表示:1.书法;写法;图示法(calligraphy, photography);2.志;记(autobiography, bibliography, geography, oceanography);ultrasonography意为“超声波探测”。
  
  undulant中的UNDUL,也作UND,源自拉丁语,意为wave, to rise in waves(inundate, redound, redundancy, undulate, undulation);后缀-ANT参见covenant,undulant意为“波状的,波动的”,医学中undulant fever指“波状热,布鲁式杆菌病”,又如:The dancer’s movements became sinuous, undulant – almost snakelike.(舞蹈者的动作变得柔软而波动,几乎像蛇一样。)
  unicameral中的UNI源自拉丁语,作前缀,意为one(unicycle, uniform, unilateral, unison, unit, unitard, unitarian, unite);CAMER源自拉丁语,意为room(bicameral, camera, chamber);后缀-AL参见bilingual,unicameral意为“(议会)一院制的”;bicameral意为“有上、下院的,二立法机构的,两院制的”。
  
  unnatural中的前缀UN-的用法:1.表示:相反动作(unbend, uncoil);使丧失,夺去,废止(unman, unsex);由…解放出,由…取出(unearth, unhorse);彻底(unloose, unrip);2.加在adj., adv., n.之前表示:不,无,非,未(unhappy/unhappily/unhappiness, unrest);NAT,也作NASC, NAI源自拉丁语,意为to be born; birth, race, nation(cognate, innate, nascent, natal, nation, national, native, nativity, natural, nature, obstinate, postnatal, prenatal, renaissance);后缀-URE参见closure;后缀-AL参见bilingual,unnatural意为“不合自然规律的,不应有的;不自然的;做作的,勉强的;不合人情/人道的;变态的,残忍的;奇异的,奇怪的”,如:die an unnatural death(死于非命;横死)/ It was very cold, which seems unnatural for late spring.(天气非常冷,这在晚春似乎不太正常。)/ His laugh seemed forced and unnatural.(他似乎强装出做作的欢笑。)
 
 
  usury中的USU,也作US, UT, UTILIT,源自拉丁语,意为to use, make use of, employ; useful, fit(abuse, reuse, usufruct, usury, utilitarian, utility);后缀-RY,也作-ERY,用于构成名词,表示:1.性质,行为(bravery, bribery, pedantry, snobbery),usury中的-RY即为此意;2.境遇,身份(slavery);3.货物的种类(finery, perfumery);4.制造所、饲养所(bakery);usury意为“高利贷;高利;[比喻]利益”。
  
  utilitarian中的UTILIT参见usury;后缀-ARIAN意为“…派的(人),…岁的(人)”(egalitarian, librarian, sexagenarian, vegetarian),utilitarian作adj.意为“功利的;实利的;功利主义的;实利主义的”;作n.意为“功利主义者;实利主义者”,如:utilitarian clothes(实用的服装)
 
 
  valid中的VAL,有时作VAIL, VALE, VALU,源自拉丁语,意为well, worth; strength; to be worthy, strong, powerful, effective, healthy; to have power or influence(avail, convalesce, convalescent, equivalent, evaluate, evaluation, invalid, invalidate, prevalent, revaluation, valediction, valedictorian, valedictory, valiant, validate, validity, valor, valorous, valuable, value);valid中的后缀-ID表示由拉丁语动词、名词作成表示状态的形容词(fluid, horrid, solid),valid意为“(理由、证据等)有确实根据的,确凿的;正确的;健全的,站得住的”;用于法律指“(契约、选举等)经过正式手续的,有效的”(反义词void);用于逻辑学指“含有暗示之结论的前提的”,如:valid ballot papers(有效选票)/ The tourist visa is valid for three months.(旅游签证的有效期为三个月。)/ They had some valid concerns about the safety of the airplane.(关于飞机的安全,他们有一些言之有据的关切点。)
  
  ventriloquist中的VENTRI,也作VENTR, VENTRO,源自拉丁语,意为stomach, belly(ventral, ventricle, ventriloquism/ventriloquy, ventrodorsal, ventrolateral, ventrotomy);LOQU,也作LOC, LOCUT,源自拉丁语,意为to speak, to talk(circumlocution, colloquy, elocution, eloquence, eloquent, interlocutor, locution, loquacious, soliloquy);后缀-IST参见archaeologist,ventriloquist意为“口技表演者,腹语(术)者”。
 
 
  verbose中的VERB源自拉丁语,意为word(proverb, verb, verbally, verbalize, verbatim, verbiage);后缀-OSE此处相当于-OUS,表示:1.…多的,verbose中的-OSE即为此意;2.爱…的(jocose);3.…性的(comatose, schistose);verbose意为“(措词)罗嗦的,(说话)唠叨的;冗长的”,如:a verbose television sportscaster(一个唠唠叨叨的电视体育播报员)
  
  victimize中的VICTIM,也作VICT, VINC,源自拉丁语,意为to conquer, to overcome(convince, evince, invincible, victim, victor, victory);后缀-IZE参见centralize,victimize意为“屠杀(牲畜等)供作牺牲;使牺牲/受损害;迫害;欺骗”,如:He feels he has been victimized by the press.(他觉得自己被新闻界牺牲掉了。)
  
  virtuosity中的VIRTU,即VIR,源自拉丁语,意为man(triumvirate, virago, virility, virtue, virtuous);后缀-OSITY,用于构成以-OSE, -OUS结尾的adj.的名词(curiosity, jocosity),virtuosity意为“艺术鉴别力;艺术(尤其是音乐)上的熟练技巧;[集合名词]艺术鉴赏界”,如:the guitarist’s amazing technical virtuosity(这个吉他手的技艺令人惊讶地熟练)
  
  vitamin中的VIT,也作VIV, VIVI,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive,参见survival;AMIN即amino acid(氨基酸),vitamin即“维他命,维生素”。
  
  vivisection中的VIVI,也作VIV, VIT,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive,参见survival;SECT,也作SEC, SEG,源自拉丁语,意为to cut,参见segmental;后缀-ION参见abstraction,vivisection意为“活体解剖”。
  
  vocation中的VOC,也作VOK源自拉丁语,意为to call, to speak, to use voice(equivocate, irrevocable, vocal, vociferous),另参见revoke;后缀-ATION参见adaptation,vocation意为“天命;天职,使命;(对某种职业的)适应性,才能;职业,行业”,如:At 18, she found her vocation as a writer.(18岁时,她发现自己有成为作家的才能。)/ a vocation for priesthood(以教士为天职)/ He has little/no vacation to/for literature.(他不大/完全不适合搞文学。)/ mistake one’s vocation(选错职业)/ take up the vocation of architecture(选择建筑学作为专业)
  
  voluble中的VOLU,也作VOLUT, VOLV,源自拉丁语,意为to roll, wind, turn around, or twist around(convolution, volume),参见revolve;后缀-BLE即-ABLE/-IBLE,参见biodegradable,voluble意为“流利的,流畅的,口若悬河的,善辩的;易旋转的,旋转性的”,用于植物学指“会缠绕的”,如:a voluble and witty man(一个能说会道且机智的人)/ voluble excuses(流利的辩解)
carpentry是carpenter的派生词,mansonry来自mason.
  后缀-ry,也作-ery,用于构成名词:1.表示“性质”,“行为”,如pedantry, snobbery, bravery, bribery;2.表示“境遇”,“身分”,如slavery;3.表示“货物的种类”,“……类的产品”,如finery, perfumery;4.表示“制造所”、“饲养所”,如bakery, drudgery.
  另外,-ery还加在动词之后表示“职业”,“技术”等,如archery, fishery, surgery;还可加在名词之后表示“集体”,如soldiery.
  詞根詞綴學習——外一篇
  
  01
  
  有時把一些詞根對比一下也是很有意思的,比如近義詞根、同義詞根、反義詞根之類。
  
  中文高下、高低、上下常常連用,有對比之效。英文句式雖然少有如此,但英語單詞的詞根中,與高下、高低、上下有關的亦有不少,對比之效也是明顯的。例如:
  
  與高、上有關的詞根:acro-/acr-, alti-, ana-, hyper-, super-, supra-, sur-, up-, etc.
  與低、下有關的詞根:hypo-/hyp-, infra-, sub-/sus-, under-, etc.
  
  附錄部分相關單詞:
  acro-/acr- (height, summit; beginning): acrophobia, acronym
  alti- (high): altitude
  ana- (upward, up): anabolism
  hyper- (over, above, beyond; excessive, excessively): hypersonic, hypercritical
  super- (above, over, upon; superior in size, quality, number, or degree; exceeding a norm): superimpose, superfine, supranational
  supra- (beyond; above): supranational
  sur- (over, above, upon; additional): surpass, surtax
  up- (up, upward; upper): uphill, upland
  
  hypo-/hyp- (below, beneath, under; lower than normal): hypodermic, hypothermia
  infra- (inferior to, below, or beneath): infrasonic
  sub-/sus- (below, beneath; subordinate, secondary, subdivision; less than, short of): subsoil, subhead, subatomic, subnormal
  under- (beneath, below; inferior, subordinate; less than normal): underground, undersecretary, undersized
  
  02
  
  單詞因為詞根之故,也有色彩斑斕的一面。例如:
  
  常見的幾種色彩:green, blue, red, white, black, yellow, etc.
  這些色彩對應的詞根分別為:chloro-/chlor-, cyano-/cyan-, erythro-/erythr-, leuko-/leuk- (leuco-/leuc-), melano-/melan-, xantho-/xanth-, etc.
  
  而“顏色(color)”一詞的對應詞根為chromo-/chrom-,例詞如chromosome等。彩虹集合了常見的色彩,rainbow一詞對應的詞根為irido-/irid-,irido-/irid-也意為iris of eye,例詞如iridotomy等;希臘神話中為諸神報信的彩虹女神就叫Iris.
  
  附錄部分相關單詞:
  chloro-/chlor- (green): chlorophyll(chloro-/chlor-另有一義為chlorine,例詞如chloroform等)
  cyano-/cyan- (blue): cyanosis(cyano-/cyan-另有一義為cyanide,例詞如cyanogens等)
  erythro-/erythr- (red): erythrocyte
  leuko-/leuk-也作leuco-/leuc- (white, colorless): leukocyte(leuko-/leuk- (leuco-/leuc-)另有一義為leukocyte,例詞如leukemia等)
  melano-/melan- (black, dark): melanism
  xantho-/xanth- (yellow): xanthophylls

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感谢楼主精彩放送!
敢倚长江而包明月,吞大地而摘星辰。只为菠菠莞尔一笑,便是摘了太阳,也要寻早遗失在远古的天梯,便是斩了阎王,也要挖透穿越地狱的阳光!

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Biny1220 发表于 2008-9-3 12:26:00 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群
楼主辛苦了!

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longtune 发表于 2010-6-2 13:51:17 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群
谢谢~~~~~~~~~~
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon

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tylufei 发表于 2011-11-11 15:44:58 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群
谢咯

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liuxingyao 发表于 2011-11-11 17:04:28 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群
好帖 学习一下

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