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雷达卡
Product Description
Firm valuation is currently a very exciting topic. It is interesting for those economists engaged in either practice or theory, particularly for those in finance. The literature on firm valuation recommends logical, quantitative methods, which deal with establishing today's value of future free cash flows. In this respect firm valuation is identical with the calculation of the discounted cash flow, DCF. There are, however, different coexistent versions, which seem to compete against each other. Entity approach and equity approach are thus differentiated. Acronyms are often used, such as APV (adjusted present value) or WACC (weighted average cost of capital), whereby these two concepts are classified under entity approach.
Why are there several procedures and not just one? Do they all lead to the same result? If not, where do the economic differences lie? If so, for what purpose are different methods needed? And further: do the known procedures suffice? Or are there situations where none of the concepts developed up to now delivers the correct value of the firm? If so, how is the appropriate valuation formula to be found? These questions are not just interesting for theoreticians; even the practitioner who is confronted with the task of marketing his or her results has to deal with it. The authors systematically clarify the way in which these different variations of the DCF concept are related throughout the book
1 Basic Elements 1
1.1 Fundamental terms 1
1.1.1 Cash flows 2
1.1.2 Taxes 3
1.1.3 Cost of capital 4
1.1.4 Time 6
Problems 9
1.2 Conditional expectation 9
1.2.1 Uncertainty and information 9
1.2.2 Rules 12
1.2.3 Example 13
Problems 17
1.3 A first glance at business values 19
1.3.1 Valuation concept 19
1.3.2 Cost of capital as conditional expected returns 22
1.3.3 A first valuation equation 25
1.3.4 Fundamental theorem of asset pricing 26
Problems 29
1.4 Further literature 29
References 30
vi Contents
2 Corporate Income Tax 31
2.1 Unlevered firms 31
2.1.1 Valuation equation 32
2.1.2 Weak autoregressive cash flows 33
2.1.3 Example (continued) 40
Problems 43
2.2 Basics about levered firms 46
2.2.1 Equity and debt 46
2.2.2 Earnings and taxes 47
2.2.3 Financing policies 49
2.2.4 Default 52
2.2.5 Example (finite case continued) 56
Problems 60
2.3 Autonomous financing 61
2.3.1 Adjusted present value (APV) 61
2.3.2 Example (continued) 63
Problems 64
2.4 Financing based on market values 65
2.4.1 Flow to equity (FTE) 66
2.4.2 Total cash flow (TCF) 67
2.4.3 Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) 69
2.4.4 Miles–Ezzell and Modigliani–Miller adjustments 71
2.4.5 Example (continued) 75
Problems 78
2.5 Financing based on book values 79
2.5.1 Assumptions 79
2.5.2 Full distribution policy 82
2.5.3 Replacement investments 84
2.5.4 Investment policy based on cash flows 85
2.5.5 Example (continued) 88
Problems 89
2.6 Other financing policies 90
2.6.1 Financing based on cash flows 90
2.6.2 Financing based on dividends 92
2.6.3 Financing based on debt–cash flow ratio 95
2.7 Comparing alternative forms of financing 97
Problems 98
2.8 Further literature 99
References 100
3 Personal Income Tax 103
3.1 Unlevered and levered firms 103
3.1.1 ‘Leverage’ interpreted anew 104
3.1.2 The unlevered firm 105
3.1.3 Income and taxes 106
3.1.4 Fundamental theorem 110
Contents vii
3.1.5 Tax shield and distribution policy 112
3.1.6 Example (continued) 113
Problems 114
3.2 Excursus: Cost of equity and tax rate 115
Problems 118
3.3 Retention policies 119
3.3.1 Autonomous retention 119
3.3.2 Retention based on cash flow 121
3.3.3 Retention based on dividends 122
3.3.4 Retention based on market value 124
Problems 127
3.4 Further literature 127
References 128
4 Corporate and Personal Income Tax 129
4.1 Assumptions 129
4.2 Identification and evaluation of tax advantages 130
4.3 Epilogue 133
Problem 134
References 134
Appendix: Proofs 135
A.1 Proofs of theorems 2.2 and 2.3 135
A.2 Proof of theorem 2.17 136
A.3 Proof of theorem 2.18 141
A.4 Proofs of theorems 2.19 and 2.20 142
A.5 Proof of theorem 2.21 144
A.6 Proofs of theorems 2.22 and 2.23 147
A.7 Proof of theorem 3.2 148
A.8 Proof of theorem 3.9 152
References 153
Index 155
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