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英文文献：Does Contract Farming Improve Smallholder Farmers Income? The Case of Avocado Farming in Kenya-承包农业能提高小农的收入吗?肯尼亚鳄梨种植的例子
英文文献作者：Mwambi, Mercy,Oduol, Judith,Mshenga, Patience M.,Mwanarusi, Saidi
英文文献摘要：
Contract farming is seen by its proponents as a tool for creating new market opportunities as well as for providing credit and training, leading to increased incomes of smallholder farmers. Critics, however, argue that contract farming encourages unequal bargaining relationships with agribusiness firms and is likely to pass risks to farmers, thus favouring large scale farmers at the expense of smallholders. Another school of thought contends that the effect of contract farming on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers is context specific and depends on the enterprise in question. Yet, there is a dearth of empirical evidence from such studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use data collected in 2012 from 100 smallholder avocado farmers in Kandara district in Kenya, obtained using multistage sampling technique, to examine the effect of contract farming on household income. Because of lack of pre-treatment data and the possibility of selection bias due to observable characteristics, we use propensity score matching technique to construct controls for the treatment group. The results indicate that contract farming has a positive and significant effect on avocado income. However, further analysis reveals that contract farming does not have any significant effect on the total household income of smallholder avocado farmers. Instead, support services such as interlinked credit and provision of information should be taken into consideration in contract farming because of their potential benefits for smallholders.
合同农业的支持者将其视为一种工具，可以创造新的市场机会，提供信贷和培训，从而增加小农的收入。然而，批评者认为，合同农业鼓励了与农业企业不平等的谈判关系，并可能将风险转嫁给农民，从而有利于规模大的农民，而牺牲小农户的利益。另一种学派认为，合同农业对小农生计的影响是特定环境的，取决于所涉及的企业。然而，在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，这样的研究缺乏经验证据。我们使用2012年在肯尼亚Kandara地区收集的100个鳄梨小农户的数据，通过多阶段抽样技术来研究合同农业对家庭收入的影响。由于缺乏处理前的数据和观察特征可能导致的选择偏差，我们使用倾向评分匹配技术为处理组构建对照。结果表明，合同种植对鳄梨收入有显著的正向影响。然而，进一步分析表明，合同农业对鳄梨小农的家庭总收入没有显著影响。相反，在合同农业中应该考虑支助服务，例如相互联系的信贷和提供资料，因为它们对小农户有潜在的好处。
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