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英文文献：Diversification Strategies and Adaptation Deficit: Evidence from Niger-多样化战略和适应赤字:来自尼日尔的证据
英文文献作者：Asfaw, Solomon,Palma, Alessandro,Lipper, Leslie
英文文献摘要：
This paper provides fresh empirical evidence on the adaptation process to face climate changes through the analysis of original cross-sectional data collected at household-level in Niger merged with detailed geo-referenced climatic information. In particular, we identify the main drivers and barriers of crop and labour diversification, which constitute two livelihood strategies in mitigating the adaptation deficit by employing a Seemingly-Unrelated Regression (SUR) model, which accounts for potential interdependence among different diversification practices. Secondly, the effectiveness of diversification practices is assessed by means of three complementary welfare measures, namely income changes, food security and the poverty gap using quantile regression and instrumental variable strategy. We find that, aside from climate shocks, the diversification level varies in response to the educational level of household members and spatial location as well as the adoption of ICTs. The impacts of diversification appear differentiated. While labour diversification is always positively associated with all the three welfare measures, positive coefficients of crop diversification are significant only when associated to food security. Robust causal inference confirms that anomalies in rainfall patterns and droughts in particular, induce adaptation responses, which result in welfare gains limited by a richer calorie intake, while the effects on income and severity of poverty appear detrimental.
本文通过分析原始的尼日尔家庭层面的横断面数据，结合详细的地理参考气候信息，为应对气候变化的适应过程提供了新的经验证据。特别是，我们确定了农作物和劳动力多样化的主要驱动因素和障碍，这构成了通过使用一种看似不相关的回归(SUR)模型来减轻适应赤字的两种生计策略，该模型解释了不同多样化实践之间的潜在依赖关系。第二，利用分位数回归和工具变量战略，通过三种补充性福利措施，即收入变化、粮食安全和贫穷差距，评估多样化做法的有效性。我们发现，除了气候冲击之外，多样化水平的变化还与家庭成员的教育水平、空间位置以及信通技术的采用有关。多元化的影响呈现差异化。虽然劳动多样化总是与所有三种福利措施呈正相关，但作物多样化的正系数只有在与粮食安全有关时才显著。强有力的因果推论证实，降雨模式的异常，特别是干旱，会诱发适应反应，导致福利收益受到热量摄入增加的限制，而对收入和贫困程度的影响似乎是有害的。
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