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英文文献：Profitability Of Variable Rate Phosphorus In A Two Crop Rotation-两作物轮作中可变磷率的盈利能力
英文文献作者：Popp, Jennie S. Hughes,Griffin, Terry W.
英文文献摘要：
In the Midwest, the adoption of precision farming technologies began in the early 1990s. Research has produced profiles of early adopters, evaluated adoption trends and has identified factors that influence the adoption and profitability of precision farming. Importantly, this information is available to producers, who are interested in precision farming issues. In addition, the Midwest regional agricultural industry, strong promoters of precision farming technologies, has gained the confidence of farmers who now rely on them heavily for information on farming technologies. Precision farming in Arkansas, however, is still in its infancy. Adoption levels lag far behind those in the Midwest. Two reasons for this lag have been offered. First, some suggest that much of what is believed about the technologies in the state is based on hearsay or the results of small single farm case study analyses. Because these beliefs have not been rigorously substantiated with extensive empirical evidence it has not been possible to truly assess the status of adoption, to predict potential adoption trends, or to adequately advise farmers in a decision to include precision farming in their farm management plan. Second, others suggest that agricultural industry has not taken an active role in the promotion and sale of precision farming equipment and services. Without local availability, all the research in the world will not lead to adoption of technology in the state. The objective of this paper is to provide critical information to Arkansas agricultural producers, industry and extension with answers regarding 1) the current status of precision farming 2) the amount, source and effectiveness of precision farming promotion and 3) the potential future of precision farming in Arkansas. In the Spring of 1999, three groups, early adopters of precision farming technologies (EA), Cooperative Extension Service personnel (CES) and agricultural industry personnel (AI), were surveyed to ascertain the realities and perceptions of precision farming in Arkansas. The surveys included questions related to characteristics of early adopters, factors encouraging and hindering adoption, and the roles of CES and AI in the promotion of precision farming within Arkansas. The survey response rate was over 60 percent. To build profiles of Arkansas EA to compare responses regarding sources of precision farming information across all three groups three statistical tools were used to test hypotheses regarding factors which influence adoption. The surveys revealed that Arkansas EA are young, educated, computer using, experienced farmers controlling relatively large farms predominantly devoted to rice and soybean. These farmers currently employ yield and soil mapping, as well as VRT and GIS technologies in their operations. While many reasons (such as decreased costs, improved yields, and improved management capabilities) have been cited as factors that can encourage adoption, there are still any number of reasons why many Arkansas farmers have not yet adopted these technologies, including, technical difficulties, expense and unproven profitability. In addition, AI representatives see themselves as promoters of precision farming technologies in Arkansas while EA have cited instances of a lack of available equipment and also stated that they turn to CES rather than AI for farming information because they believe this is an unbiased source of information. The authors conclude that both reasons offered for the lag in adoption are likely and hope that these insights provide both the CES and AI representatives with information to help them focus their research and outreach activities so that more Arkansas producers can make informed decisions about precision farming.
在中西部，精密农业技术的采用始于上世纪90年代初。研究产生了早期采用者的概况，评估了采用者的趋势，并确定了影响采用者和精耕细作利润的因素。重要的是，生产者可以获得这些信息，他们对精细农业问题感兴趣。此外，中西部地区的农业产业是精耕细作技术的有力推动者，已经赢得了农民的信心，他们现在在农业技术信息方面严重依赖这些产业。然而，阿肯色州的精细农业仍处于起步阶段。收养水平远远落后于中西部地区。这种滞后有两个原因。首先，一些人认为，人们对该州的技术的看法大多是基于传闻或单个小型农场案例分析的结果。由于这些信念没有得到广泛的经验证据的严格证实，因此不可能真正评估收养状况，预测潜在的收养趋势，或在决定将精耕细作纳入农场管理计划时给予农民充分的建议。第二，还有一些人认为，农业在精耕细作设备和服务的推广和销售方面没有发挥积极作用。没有当地的可用性，世界上所有的研究都不会导致国家采用技术。本文的目的是为阿肯色州的农业生产者、工业和推广提供关键信息，并回答以下问题:1)精耕细作的现状2)推广精耕细作的数量、来源和有效性3)阿肯色州精耕细作的潜在未来。1999年春，对精耕细作技术的早期采用者(EA)、合作推广服务人员(CES)和农业工业人员(AI)三组人员进行了调查，以确定阿肯色州对精耕细作的现实和看法。调查的问题包括早期采用者的特征、鼓励和阻碍采用者的因素，以及CES和人工智能在阿肯色州推广精细农业中的作用。调查回复率超过60%。为了建立阿肯色州EA的概况，比较所有三组关于精准农业信息来源的回答，我们使用了三种统计工具来检验关于影响采用的因素的假设。调查显示，阿肯色州的EA是年轻的、受过教育的、使用电脑的、有经验的农民，他们控制着主要种植水稻和大豆的较大农场。这些农民目前在作业中使用产量和土壤测绘以及VRT和GIS技术。虽然许多原因(如降低成本、提高产量和改进管理能力)被列为鼓励采用这些技术的因素，但仍有许多原因导致阿肯色州的农民尚未采用这些技术，包括技术困难、费用和未经证明的盈利能力。此外,AI代表认为自己是精准农业技术的倡导者在阿肯色州当EA引用的实例也缺乏足够的设备和声明,他们转向CES上而不是人工智能农业信息,因为他们认为这是一个公正的信息来源。作者得出结论,这两个原因提出采用落后的可能,希望这些见解为CES和AI代表提供信息帮助他们集中研究和推广活动,这样更多的阿肯色州生产者可以对精密农业做出明智的决定。
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