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英文文献：Rural Shadow Wages, Labour Supply And Agricultural Production Under Imperfect Markets: Empirical Evidence From Viet Nam-不完善市场下的农村影子工资、劳动力供应和农业生产:来自越南的经验证据
英文文献作者：Linde-Rahr, Martin
英文文献摘要：
Due to market imperfections and sexual division of labour, this paper takes interest in gender specific values of agricultural labour products (or shadow wages) and the problem of aggregating agricultural production activities. The paper analyses two farming systems instead of using an aggregated agricultural harvest under the presumption that households are restricted in choosing crop patterns and consequently limited in their allocation of labour. The farming systems differ in the level of diversification over crops where a limited number of households are able to engage in the more diversified system (two crops: rice and sugar cane) while other households are restricted to cultivate only one of the two (rice). These circumstances are likely to be widespread in developing countries. Since an entry restriction limit the choice of crop pattern, production functions for rice and sugar cane are estimated separately. We find labour returns to differ significantly between farming systems with lower returns for single-crop producers. The paper tests whether non-separability conditions holds and find in general that theoretical predictions cannot be falsified. This implies that over the whole sample households are on average unable to adjust their labour supply at the margin and hence, using shadow wages from an aggregated agricultural production is likely to mislead policy conclusions. We also find that diversified household members do equate returns between the farming systems while households that are restricted to one production activity yield lower returns. Since less diversified households are in general poorer poverty alleviation policies must address the entry restriction but first, policy makers should check whether they need to redraw policy conclusions made on aggregate harvests.
由于市场的不完善和性别分工，本文关注农业劳动产品的性别特定价值(或影子工资)和农业生产活动的聚集问题。摘要本文分析了两种不同的农业生产制度，而不是使用农业总产出，假设家庭在选择种植方式时受到限制，从而限制了劳动力的分配。两种农业体系在作物多样化程度上存在差异，只有少数家庭能够从事更多样化的农业体系(两种作物:水稻和甘蔗)，而其他家庭只能种植其中一种(水稻)。这些情况可能在发展中国家普遍存在。由于进入限制限制了作物模式的选择，因此分别估计了水稻和甘蔗的生产功能。我们发现，在单一作物生产者回报较低的农业体系之间，劳动力回报存在显著差异。本文检验了不可分性条件是否成立，并发现一般理论预测不能被证伪。这意味着，在整个样本中，家庭平均无法在边际上调整其劳动力供应，因此，使用汇总农业生产的影子工资很可能会误导政策结论。我们还发现，多样化的家庭成员确实使农业系统之间的收益相等，而只从事一种生产活动的家庭的收益较低。由于家庭多样化程度较低，总体而言较差，扶贫政策必须解决进入限制问题，但首先，政策制定者应检查是否需要重新制定关于总收成的政策结论。
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