[分享]“世界是平的”作者麻辣新论（中英对照）

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纽约时报专栏作家佛里曼这篇麻辣的《扶植下一个Google》，美国影响力未在引发金融海啸后衰退，正因仍有胆识高瞻者敢在大危机时主张将公帑转于创造新的全球性需求。佛里曼呼吁扶植新产业的结语：「在危机结束后，助我们（美国）欣欣向荣。」可能不出十年，真开展出新一代产业，那么廿一世纪仍将是美国世纪，其它国家将会更依赖美国的创意！

 

创新非纾困
   扶植下一个Google

通用与克莱斯勒汽车已获取或请求美国政府给予大手笔纾困，最近又双双开口请求纾困大约200亿美元。这件事使我产生一种很不好的感觉：我们资助失败者，唯一的原因是，它们声称它们的葬礼会比装上维生系统更贵。抱歉，朋友们，然而这不是美国的处事之道。为失败者纾困并不是美国成为富裕国家的方法，更不是我们脱离这次危机的办法。

　　通用汽车已沦为巨大的财富毁灭机器，规模可能历来最大。美国政府必须让它与克莱斯勒汽车破产，使它们得以在新的管理团队领导及新的劳动协议规范下，带着新视野真正重新出发。关于协助企业的问题，宝贵的公帑应集中用于新兴事业而不是纾困。

　　欲以200亿美元的纳税人血汗钱创造就业机会？可以。美国的部分创投基金因为大学捐赠与退休基金严重缩水而缺少现金。你不妨联络其中排名前20的基金，向对方透露如下消息：美国财政部准备各给它们10亿美元，用以资助现有的最佳创投方案。如果它们失败，我们都是输家；如果其中任何一家成为另一个微软或英特尔，这笔纳税人的钱，会让你分享投资获利的20%，让这些投资公司保留其他的80%。

　　如果准备动用数亿甚至上百亿美元的纳税人血汗钱，我们不能只将它们洒在讲究办公室装潢的银行家，杠杆操作过甚的投机客，以及年年只会抗拒改革，游说华府，而不思如何领导变革击败丰田汽车的汽车业高阶主管的身上。

　　我最近为新书展开全美的巡回之旅，每晚回到饭店时，口袋一定塞满洁净能源创新者的名片。美国仍有许多不断查找资金的创新者。所以，我们必须确保失败者不至于因为求助的音量太大而淹没可能有办法带领我们脱困的潜在赢家的声音。美国的部分最优秀企业，例如英特尔，当初均是在经济衰退期间起跑。在这种时期，现实的需求足以使创新者更有创造力，冒险者更勇于承担风险。

　　没错，我们必须撑住金融体系，因为它是一切的基础。以公平方式避免勤奋且遵守游戏规则的人们房子遭到法拍不仅应为，也是维持安定的必要手段。

　　然而除此之外，我们不妨以更具创意的方式思考、讨论及规画。我们已经跌倒，但并未出局。在投资纳税人的钱时，我们不妨与真正的创新者携手开展新一代的生物、信息、奈米、洁净科技事业，以创造真正的廿一世纪就业机会，进而为纳税人创造真正的利益。我们的座右铭应该是：“开创，不是纾困；扶植下一个 Google，而不是护理老迈的通用汽车。”

　　持平而言，欧巴马团队与国会民主党人最近在几乎没有共和党人的支持下通过的经济振兴方案，是朝这个方向前进。向他们脱帽致敬。现在让我们再多做一些。

　　在美国，包含风力、太阳能、太阳热能在内的再生能源企业奄奄一息。多数的新计划去秋停摆，因为它们必须将再生能源的扣抵税额卖给华尔街的企业，以换取融资。这些公司最近相继破产或蒙受巨大损失，因为已无利润可资抵销而不再需要扣抵。振兴方案为再生能源创新者，以及即起至2010年底止开展的任何计划，创造一个绕过华尔街，直接通过美国财政部确定扣抵额价值的机制。

　　亮源能源公司(BrightSource
Energy)在莫沙维沙漠建造并经营最尖端的太阳热能厂，运行长伍拉德(John Woolard)表示，美国的风力及太阳能产业去年第四季“形同死亡”。五个全新规画的GW太阳热能方案所产电力相当于五座大型的核电站，因为缺少融资而受阻于审核的不同阶段。

　　伍拉德表示：“现在，这些计划将继续推动。它们可以创造成千上万的就业机会……这是正确的立法方向。”

　　这些就业机会遍及工程、营造、操作大型太阳能系统与风力农庄、生产新太阳光电等领域。它们将共同促进各该领域的创新，并使风力与太阳能科技的工本学习曲线逐渐下降，进而与化石燃料竞争，成为“中印价格”的出口产业。这是它们可在中国大陆与印度斟情增减的价格。

这是美国政府利用纳税人的钱刺激经济的应由之途：有限时间下的有限融资，锁定一种与新科技产业竞争的产业。只要山姆大叔略推一把，它不但会安然度过当前的危机，更可以在危机退出后，助我们欣欣向荣。我们与全世界都需要一个不只苟延残喘，而且还能繁荣兴盛的美国。

Start Up the
Risk-Takers

By THOMAS L.
FRIEDMAN

Published:
February 21, 2009

 

Reading the news
that General Motors and Chrysler are now lining up for another $20 billion or
so in government aid — on top of the billions they’ve already received or
requested — leaves me with the sick feeling that we are subsidizing the losers
and for only one reason: because they claim that their funerals would cost more
than keeping them on life support. Sorry, friends, but this is not the American
way. Bailing out the losers is not how we got rich as a country, and it is not
how we’ll get out of this crisis.

G.M. has become
a giant wealth- destruction machine — possibly the biggest in history — and it
is time that it and Chrysler were put into bankruptcy so they can truly start
over under new management with new labor agreements and new visions. When it
comes to helping companies, precious public money should focus on start-ups,
not bailouts.

You want to
spend $20 billion of taxpayer money creating jobs? Fine. Call up the top 20
venture capital firms in America, which are short of cash today because their
partners — university endowments and pension funds — are tapped out, and make
them this offer: The U.S. Treasury will give you each up to $1 billion to fund
the best venture capital ideas that have come your way. If they go bust, we all
lose. If any of them turns out to be the next Microsoft or Intel, taxpayers
will give you 20 percent of the investors’ upside and keep 80 percent for
themselves.

If we are going
to be spending billions of taxpayer dollars, it can’t only be on
office-decorating bankers, over-leveraged home speculators and auto executives
who year after year spent more energy resisting changes and lobbying Washington than leading change and beating Toyota.

I’ve been
traveling all across the country on a book tour, and every evening I return to
my hotel with my pockets full of business cards from inventors in clean energy.
Our country is still bursting with innovators looking for capital. So, let’s
make sure all the losers clamoring for help don’t drown out the potential
winners who could lift us out of this. Some of our best companies, such as
Intel, were started in recessions, when necessity makes innovators even more inventive
and risk-takers even more daring.

Yes, we have to
shore up the banking system, which underpins everything; and finding a fair way
to prevent hardworking people, who played by the rules, from losing their homes
to foreclosure is both right and essential for stability.

But beyond that,
let’s think, talk and plan in more aspirational ways. We’re down, but we’re not
out. As we invest taxpayer money, let’s do it with an eye to starting a new
generation of biotech, info-tech, nanotech and clean-tech companies, with real
innovators, real 21st-century jobs and potentially real profits for taxpayers.
Our motto should be, “Start-ups, not bailouts: nurture the next Google, don’t
nurse the old G.M.’s.”

To be fair, the
stimulus package that the Obama team and the Democrats in Congress recently
passed — with virtually no Republican help — goes some way toward doing just
that. Hat’s off for that. Now let’s do more.

The
renewable-energy business — wind, solar and solar thermal — was almost dead in
this country. Most new projects stopped last fall because they depended for
their financing on selling their renewable energy tax credits to Wall Street
firms. As those Wall Street firms went bust or suffered steep losses, they had
no need for tax credits because they had no profits to offset. The stimulus
package created a mechanism for renewable energy innovators to bypass Wall
Street and monetize their tax credits directly through the U.S. Treasury, for
any project that starts between now and the end of 2010.

The wind and
solar industries in America
“were dead in the fourth quarter,” said John Woolard, chief executive of
BrightSource Energy, which builds and operates cutting-edge solar-thermal
plants in the Mojave Desert. Almost five
gigawatts of new solar-thermal projects — the equivalent of five big nuclear
plants — at various stages of permitting were being held up because of a lack
of financing.

“All of these projects will now go ahead,” said Woolard. “You are
talking about thousands of jobs ... We really got something right in this
legislation.”

These jobs will
be in engineering, constructing and operating huge solar systems and wind farms
and manufacturing new photovoltaics. Together they will drive innovation in all
these areas — and move wind and solar technology down the cost-volume learning
curve so they can compete against fossil fuels and become export industries at
the “ChinIndia price,” that is the price at which they can scale in China and
India.

That is how
taxpayer money should be used to stimulate: limited financing, for a limited
time, targeted on an industry bristling with new technology start-ups that,
with a little push from Uncle Sam, won’t just survive this crisis but help us
thrive when it is over. We need, and the world needs, an America that is
thriving not just surviving..

[此贴子已经被angelboy于2009-3-26 9:40:24编辑过]

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