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英文文献：Cost Effective Targeting Of Land Retirement To Improve Water Quality: A Multi-Watershed Analysis-土地退耕以改善水质的成本效益目标:多流域分析
英文文献作者：Yang, Wanhong,Khanna, Madhu,Farnsworth, Richard L.,Onal, Hayri
英文文献摘要：
An integrated watershed management framework that combines economic, hydrologic and GIS modeling is developed to study cost effective land retirement in multiple watersheds to achieve off-site sediment reduction goal. This integrated framework examines two alternative standards-a uniform standard under which each watershed is required to achieve the same sediment reduction goal and a non-uniform standard under which marginal cost of sediment abatement is equal across watersheds. Furthermore, for each standard, costs of abatement under two alternative rental instruments based on marginal cost of sediment abatement ($/ton) and uniform payments per acre ($/acre) are examined. Then the cost effectiveness of the four policy options (uniform standard with $/ton and $/acre instrument, non-uniform standard with $/ton and $/acre instrument) is discussed. The integrated framework is applied to 12 agricultural watersheds in Illinois Conservation Reserve Enhancement program (CREP) region. The watersheds varied in size between 29,995 and 70,849 acres. Cropland within 900 feet of streams-129,955 acres (33.4% of all cropland in the 12 watersheds)-is considered eligible for enrollment into the CREP. Consistent with Illinois' program, a sediment reduction goal of 20% is selected for all of the simulations. Policy implications from the empirical results are quite interesting. With either a $/ton or a $/acre instrument, the non-uniform standard, which equalizes marginal cost of abatement across watersheds, outperforms the uniform standard policy. With either a uniform or non-uniform standard, a $/ton instrument outperforms a $/acre instrument. The least preferred policy option, the uniform standard with a $/acre instrument, is 2.5 times as costly as the most preferred policy option, the non-uniform standard with a $/ton instrument. These results suggest that program administrators may want to consider a program that includes a non-uniform standard and a rental payment instrument based on marginal cost of abatement in order to achieve their objectives at least cost.
开发了一个综合流域管理框架，将经济、水文和GIS建模相结合，以研究多个流域的土地退役成本效益，以实现异地减少泥沙的目标。这一综合框架研究了两种可供选择的标准，一种是要求每个流域实现相同的减沙目标的统一标准，另一种是非统一标准，即流域的减沙边际成本相等。此外，对于每一标准，审查了根据减少沉积物边际费用($/吨)和每英亩统一付款($/英亩)的两种备选租赁文书所规定的减少费用。然后讨论了四种政策选择(统一标准与$/吨和$/英亩工具，非统一标准与$/吨和$/英亩工具)的成本效益。该综合框架应用于伊利诺斯州保护保护区加强计划(CREP)地区的12个农业流域。这些分水岭的面积在29995至70849英亩之间。河流900英尺以内的农田——129,955英亩(占12个流域所有农田的33.4%)——被认为有资格加入CREP。与伊利诺斯州的计划相一致的是，在所有的模拟中选择了20%的减沙目标。实证结果的政策启示相当有趣。无论是每吨美元还是每英亩美元的工具，不统一的标准，均衡了跨流域的边际减排成本，优于统一标准政策。无论是统一或不统一的标准，一个$/吨的仪器优于$/英亩的仪器。最不受青睐的保险方案，即统一标准的每英亩仪器，是最受青睐的非统一标准的每吨仪器的2.5倍。这些结果表明，计划管理者可能要考虑一个计划，包括一个不统一的标准和租金支付工具的边际成本削减，以实现他们的目标，至少成本。
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