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[其他] 在野投资——文章合集 [推广有奖]

21
发表于 2009-3-31 21:35:00

310274.xls (174 KB)


310287.xls (174 KB)

花了一个下午。财务报表的那个红了两个,但是结果应该是对的。不知道怎么回事,高手帮忙看看。

第二个估值的,花了好长时间。纠结于0.01的误差和0.0001的误差之间,两种估值结果它都承认了,但是0.01的误差导致不一致(他要求的是小于0.00001的误差)。
实在受不了了,交作业了。

第三个改天再交上来

来自在野投资的公子缺,多多指教 hades-d.spaces.live.com/

22
发表于 2009-4-20 12:45:00

Discounted Cash Flow Model: Key Inputs Determination

Discounted Cash Flow Model: Key Inputs Determination

By: Lijun Deng (SID: 308029348)

Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a widely used model in firm valuation. It values a firm by discounting all estimated future cash flows to obtain its net present value. The model is expressed as following:

The key inputs in the model are free cash flows (FCF) and discount rate(r), both of which can be decomposed by way of estimation and their own determinants.

Free cash flow is the cash generated by firm’s assets after deducting capital expenditure and is free to distribute to all security holders. To obtain a firm’s prospective FCF’s, pro forma financial statements need to be constructed, using the classical percent-of-sales forecasting method and some reasonable adjustments. This model starts from the leading item, sales growth projection. Through macroeconomic environment and competitive strategy analysis, analyst can project the industrial sales growth and the firm’s market share, which are two key factors of sales growth. Other accounts in financial statements are projected based on their relationships with sales, which needs analysts make decisions about whether to use historical ratios or make some discretional adjustments. After pro forma financial statements are projected, FCF stream to the firm can be obtained by the following calculation.

FCF = Net Profit After Tax +Depreciation – Increase In Working Captial + After Tax Interest Expense – Capital Expenditure

After accomplished the first task, the other important variable, discount rate r, is to be determined. The discount rate is the rate of company cost of capital, which is defined as the expected return on a portfolio of all the company’s existing securities1. The mostly adopted one is a firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC), as follows, assuming no preferred shares:

           

Cost of equity can be estimated by models such as capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the dividend discount model or the Fama-French three-factor model.

As interest payments are tax deductible, cost of debt is calculated on an after-tax basis, as show in the WACC equation. A company has a specific cost of debt dependent on its credit rating. Typical blue chip corporate debt generally commands a risk premium above the risk-free rate of between 0.5 and 1.25 per cent above LIBOR (London Inter Bank Offer Rate)2.

The weighting used to derive WACC is the ratios of market values of equity and debt. They can be valued separately by discounting cash flows to each of them, but using proper discount rates. Constant dividend growth model is generally used to value equity and discounting principle and interest payments by cost of debt to value debt.

Weight of preferred shares is added to get WACC similarly if applicable.

So far we have ignored the time frame of cash flow projection. In corporate valuation practice, the forecast of FCF is normally divided into yearly free cash flows and a terminal value. The terminal value is generally obtained by invoking the discounted cash flow approach with simple assumptions concerning the expected growth in free cash flows from terminal point.

The reason to break up them is that it is only reasonable to make FCF projections for a few years ahead based on the recent financial performance. The company and the industry it is in will go mature or enter a steady state after a few years. As shows in above figure, sales growths tend to converge to a normal average level as demand saturates and intra-industry competition becomes stable3. Therefore, FCF is expected to grow in similar pattern.

Reference

1.    Brealey-Meyers, 2003 Principles of Corporate Finance. 7th Edition, John Wiley & Amp; Son

2.      E.V. Lilford, 2006 The Corporate Cost of Capital. The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

3.    Palepu, K., and P. Healy, 2007 Business Analysis and Valuation: Using Financial Statements, 4th Edition, Thomson South-Western 4-2

来自在野投资的公子缺,多多指教 hades-d.spaces.live.com/

23
发表于 2009-5-30 20:19:00

Independent Experts Report in relation to BG Proposal

刚刚写完的小组报告。跟Coal Seam Gas,LNG有关的收购。有兴趣的可以看看。事先说好了是英文的。。 331349.pdf (507.22 KB)
来自在野投资的公子缺,多多指教 hades-d.spaces.live.com/

24
发表于 2009-7-26 22:23:29
从B股和权证看资本市场


By:缺

中国资本市场由于机制不完善,很容易导致明显的由投机所产生的错误定价;但同样由于不完善,投资者也无法构造无风险套利的资产组合。总体来说,中国市场大部分资产大部分时间都被高估,如绝大多数股票和房产,其中原因不在本文探讨范围。但是偶尔你也能看到被低估,或者说相对被低估的现象。本文通过B股和权证两个例证来说明。

B股跟A股的差价一直以来是一个令人百思不得其解的问题。从书呆子的观点出发,给定同样的风险同样的现金流,资产的定价一定是相等的。学者经常从假设有这么两个相似的资产出发去讨论问题,戏剧的是,真的有这样的情况发生时,这两个资产却不同价了。更何况,A、B股(本文限定深圳B股)不完全相同,B股现金流比A股要大,因为B股是免股息税的。到目前结论就是一个风险相同,现金流大的资产价格低。

再加上汇率的转换,B股又再次大打折扣。如此大的折扣(如飞亚达B/A=43.2%,深南电B/A=51%,长安汽车B/A=38%。以04/07/09收盘价以及汇率0.88RMB=1HK)绝对不是简单的流动性差和汇率交换这些表面的因素所能解释的。

从套利的角度,如果一个投资者想要买长安汽车,有什么理由可以让他不去以3.8折的价格买入B股而要去买贵2倍多的A股呢?人们为了免个税还不惜跑去香港购物,却不肯去银行换个港币来投资?理由就是,买A股,就是期望后面还会有人来接棒,而并不是认为它物有所值。再有B股主要是境外投资者,但是笔者认为境内投资者投资B股的壁垒几乎是0。这是一个对中国市场投机度最为简单的实证研究。当然,这都是老生常谈,大致有点投资意识的人都明白的道理。只是惊叹于投资者能把这么明显的错误持续这么多年,而且将持续下去。

再说权证。股改几年发型了不少权证,个人认为它本身是个好东西,它不但为解决股权分置的问题做出了重大贡献,也让国内投资者学到了初步的衍生金融工具知识。一如既往,只要有什么新东西搬到国内,总会被某些炒作势力以及不知情投资者弄得面目全非。对权证的炒作不必多言。06年中远给中集股东发行了价外认沽权证来换取流通,笔者在第二天得空立即卖掉。因为当时我觉得它的价值就是零,所以以3块多的价格卖掉无疑是一个理智的选择。虽然回观历史数据表明它到死正股都没有跌破过行权价(一直是价外权证),但是我当时认为的0价值是错误的认识。因为你有权而没有义务做什么事的价值一定是大于或等于0的,也就是权证的时间价值,即使在本例中很小。

这三年就再也没有认真看过权证,偶尔计算一下价格从来都是远高于价值的。这两天难得放假,翻开权证一看还有10几只认购权证没到期。算了几个都是远远高出内在价值。再一算江铜cwb1,却发现7月3日收盘价3.256 x 4(1:025的行权比例)+15.44(行权价)=28.46元< 33.47元(江西铜业正股收盘价)。这可让我兴奋了一小阵。可随即一想,没有做空机制,没有认沽权证再怎么低估也没法无风险套利啊。这个可是13%的外在价值的低估,然后再用BS模型大概算了一下权证的内在价值(加上时间价值)大概在18元多除以4大概是4.5元,是目前价格的138%。假定江铜正股是合理定价,且权证是美式期权,那么买入江铜cwb1然后行权,无风险套利每股赚5元。不过它是百慕大期权,要等到15个月之后才能行权。体外话:欧式权证在投机度高的市场难道比美式权证要折价更多?

讲这么多,无非两个结论。第一,中国资本市场的投机程度仍然可以用吴敬琏当年的赌场来形容。如果买江铜正股的投资者真的认为它值33.47元,他们为什么不去以2位数的折价去买入15个月后可以以15.44元的价格认购正股的权证呢?理由是他们并不相信15个月之后江铜还能值33.47元。如果你觉得一项资产一年多后还不如现在值钱,而你还义无反顾的去买,这就叫投机;B股同理。第二,再次证明市场机制的不完善扼杀了无风险套利机会。我们对待被低估的资产可以买入,但是在缺乏卖空机制的情况下,我们面对高估的资产,只能是旁观。如果可以用put-call parity (Put +Share=Call +PV X),来买入认购权证、卖出正股、卖出认沽权证再借款行权价的现值,投资者就可以实现无风险套利。不过,如果真的机制完善,自然也不会出现这么大的错误定价,至少我们希望是这样。

2009年7月5日
来自在野投资的公子缺,多多指教 hades-d.spaces.live.com/

25
发表于 2009-7-29 17:24:39
又到中途


今天发此文显然不合时宜,因为今天两市指数各跌5%。不过无论如何,这篇文章是昨天晚上写的,等我放学回家,指数差不多跌停了。

从我上次怂恿大家开始买股票到今天已经快半年了,上证指数已经涨了50%多,深证成指已经涨了60%。如果我拿这个来说事,你就要小心了,我可能想诈骗你。基金和黑最常干这种事。相反,当时我认为未来2到5年应该是持续买入的黄金时间。

很明显,到今天,大部分股票价格已经不再具有投资吸引力了。我又要开始像2007年3、4000点时开始啰嗦高估了。不同的是,现在没有人在我耳边整天说股票了,我也不用煞费苦心劝人不要买股票,然后越劝越涨。lol。当然,当我说高估的时候,我决不是在说它就会跌,vice versa。因为如果有人告诉你股票会涨还是会跌的时候,要么在骗你,要么在骗自己。

其实中国股市很少有被低估的时候。即使在2005年6月6日上证998点的时候,平均市盈率也有15.4倍。当然我们是新兴市场,适当高于成熟市场的市盈率无可厚非,但是绝对不是40到80倍。但这却是中国市场常态。站在一个实业投资者的角度,要说动你去投资一个收益率是2%的资产是多么不容易的事。一到股市,钱就不再是血汗钱了。

作为一个理性投资者,即使是在平均15倍PE的行情下鼓励买入股票也是需要勇气的。所以即使仅有的两次叫人买股票,我都如履寒冰,总是有挥之不去的犯罪感。即使在05年和半年前鼓励买入股票,理由也并不是它们有多大的安全边际(便宜),而是强调未来的经济发展。中国经济发展再快也不为过,因为路实在太远。如果你买入的理由跟我的一样,并不是因为它们目前看起来便宜,而是因为日后的增长,那么你就是在支持长期持有。

OK,每篇文章都要有个结论。这边的结论就是,如果你到现在还在买股票,你就要开始非常非常的小心了。我不是说马上会跌(今天大跌我也没有预测到的),而是你买的东西早就超过了他们的价值了, think about it,你不会想在东西贵的时候买进的。
来自在野投资的公子缺,多多指教 hades-d.spaces.live.com/

26
ssj9970 发表于 2010-9-9 14:23:36
好东西,学习

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