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英文文献：Development Pathways And Land Management In Uganda: Causes And Implications-乌干达的发展路径和土地管理:原因和影响
英文文献作者：Pender, John L.,Jagger, Pamela,Nkonya, Ephraim M.,Sserunkuuma, Dick
英文文献摘要：
This paper investigates the patterns and determinants of change in livelihood strategies ("development pathways"), land management practices, resource and human welfare conditions in Uganda since 1990, based upon a community-level survey conducted in 107 villages. The pattern of agricultural development since 1990 involved increasing specialization and commercialization of economic activities, consistent with local comparative advantages and market liberalization. Six dominant development pathways emerged, all but one of which involved increasing specialization in already dominant activities: expansion of cereal production, expansion of banana and coffee production, non-farm development, expansion of horticultural production, expansion of cotton, and stable coffee production. Of these, expansion of banana and coffee production was most strongly associated with adoption of resource-conserving practices and improvements in resource conditions and welfare. Other strategies are needed for areas not suited for this pathway. Other factors also influenced land management and resource and welfare outcomes. Road development was associated with improvements in many welfare and some natural resource conditions, except forest and wetland availability. Irrigation was found to reduce pressure to expand cultivated area at the expense of forest and wetlands, and is associated with improvement in some welfare and resource indicators. Government and non-governmental organization programs were found to contribute to improvements in several resource and welfare indicators, though there were some mixed results. Such programs may cause declines in one area by focusing on improvements in another area. Thus, trade-offs appear to be inherent in many efforts to improve agriculture or protect resources. Population growth had an insignificant impact on most indicators of change, though there is some evidence of population-induced agricultural intensification. The findings support neither the pessimism of some neo-Malthusian observers or the optimism of some neo-Boserupian observers regarding the impacts of population growth.
本文基于对107个村庄进行的社区层面调查，调查了自1990年以来乌干达生计策略(“发展路径”)、土地管理实践、资源和人类福利状况变化的模式和决定因素。1990年以来的农业发展模式涉及经济活动日益专业化和商业化，这与当地的比较优势和市场自由化相一致。出现了六种主要的发展途径，除了一种以外，都涉及已经占主导地位的活动的日益专业化:扩大谷物生产、扩大香蕉和咖啡生产、非农业发展、扩大园艺生产、扩大棉花和稳定的咖啡生产。其中，扩大香蕉和咖啡的生产与采用资源保存的做法和改善资源条件和福利有最密切的关系。对于不适合这一途径的地区，还需要采取其他策略。其他因素也影响土地管理、资源和福利结果。道路的发展与许多福利和一些自然资源条件的改善有关，森林和湿地除外。研究发现，灌溉减少了以牺牲森林和湿地为代价扩大耕地面积的压力，并与某些福利和资源指标的改善有关。研究发现，政府和非政府组织的项目有助于改善一些资源和福利指标，但也有一些好坏参半的结果。这样的项目可能会通过关注另一个领域的改进而导致一个领域的衰退。因此，在改善农业或保护资源的许多努力中，权衡似乎是固有的。人口增长对大多数变化指标的影响不大，尽管有一些人口引起的农业集约化的证据。这些发现既不支持一些新马尔萨斯派观察员对人口增长的影响的悲观看法，也不支持一些新博斯帕罗派观察员对人口增长的影响的乐观看法。
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