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英文文献：Environmental Regulation And Globalization In The Coastal Fishery-沿海渔业的环境管制与全球化
英文文献作者：Chakravorty, Ujjayant,Fisher, Donna K.
英文文献摘要：
Most coastal fisheries in the U.S. and other developed economies are going through a major transition. On the one hand, new technologies such as electronic enhancement to assist trawling have led to a decline in the unit cost of fishing, making it more economically efficient. On the other hand, this improved efficiency has possibly led to increased environmental damage. This has led to conflicts between fishermen and conservation groups. In the past, the main policy issue confronting fishery managers was the task of ensuring that stocks were managed at levels that sustained employment and profits in the fishing industry. However, in recent years, the dynamics of the coastal fishery has changed dramatically. More and more affluent people have settled into coastal areas. Recreational demand has increased faster than demand for commercial fish. Environmental concerns have often become more important than the matter of providing fish at reasonable prices to the urban consumer. This trend has been exacerbated by the globalization of the world fish industry, so that cheaper imports from overseas can now compete with higher cost domestic fish. The paper addresses this problem by developing a simple spatial model of the coastal fishery with two fleets, a traditional higher cost fleet which is environmentally less damaging (e.g., castnetting), and a modern lower cost fleet (trawling) which may have negative environmental effects. As fish move away from inshore breeding grounds to areas offshore, they grow bigger in size, attracting a price premium. The model tries to answer the question: which fleet should fish in what location? This depends on various cost and demand parameters. The optimal spatial allocation of fishing effort is derived when fleets have harvest and capacity constraints. The effect of regulation, for example to preserve inshore fishing grounds for the traditional fleet or imposing environmental taxes on the modern fleet are examined. The effect of imports on effort allocation is discussed. The paper concludes with a case study discussion of the southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.
美国和其他发达经济体的大部分沿海渔业正在经历重大转型。一方面，协助拖网捕鱼的电子改进等新技术已使捕鱼的单位成本下降，使其更具有经济效益。另一方面，这种效率的提高可能导致环境破坏的增加。这导致了渔民和保护组织之间的冲突。在过去，渔业管理人员所面临的主要政策问题是确保鱼群管理在维持渔业就业和利润的水平上。然而，近年来，沿海渔业的动态发生了巨大变化。越来越多的富人定居在沿海地区。娱乐需求的增长快于商业鱼类需求的增长。环境问题往往比以合理的价格向城市消费者提供鱼类更为重要。世界鱼类工业的全球化加剧了这一趋势，因此，从海外进口的廉价鱼现在可以与成本较高的国内鱼竞争。该文件通过发展一个具有两支船队的沿海渔业的简单空间模型来解决这个问题，一支传统的成本较高的船队对环境的破坏较小(例如网钓)，一支现代的成本较低的船队(拖网捕鱼)，可能对环境产生不利影响。随着鱼类从近海繁殖地迁往近海，它们的体型变得更大，从而吸引了价格溢价。这个模型试图回答这个问题:哪个船队应该在什么位置捕鱼?这取决于各种成本和需求参数。当船队有捕捞量和捕捞能力的限制时，得到了捕捞努力量的最优空间分配。审查了管制的影响，例如为传统船队保存近海渔场或对现代船队征收环境税。讨论了进口对努力分配的影响。本文最后以美国东南部虾业为个案进行讨论。
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