1. OK,那篇文章Gormley and Matsa (2014, RFS) 的主轴是要谈 Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity (or common errors), such as industry-specific shocks, 直接用固定效果模型即可,而文献常用的两种方法会导致 inconsistent estimates。2. 在其 2.3.4 Using independent variable group averages as instrumental
variables. 则是提醒读者文献上有人用 group average 会有问题!