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英文文献：The Economics of Testing for Biotech Grain: Application to StarLink Corn-生物技术谷物测试的经济学:StarLink玉米的应用
英文文献作者：Johnson, D. Demcey,Lin, William W.
英文文献摘要：
StarLink corn, a biotech variety not approved for human food use, disrupted the marketing system in 2000 because of inadvertent commingling. Testing protocols have since been established for detection of StarLink in corn shipments to Japan. Domestic food manufacturers, anxious to avoid risks of contamination and product recalls, also test for StarLink kernels. This paper provides an overview of the economics of testing. What are the risks facing buyers and sellers, and how are these influenced by different testing protocols? How do market premiums and discounts, testing costs, and prior beliefs affect the incentives to test? A conceptual model is developed in which sellers can choose whether to pre-test grain prior to shipment. Simulation analysis is used to illustrate the impact of market premiums and other variables on testing incentives and buyer risk.
StarLink玉米是一种未被批准用于人类食品的生物技术品种，它在2000年因无意中混合而扰乱了市场营销体系。从那时起，已经建立了检测运往日本的玉米中是否含有StarLink的检测规程。为了避免食品污染和产品召回的风险，国内食品生产商也对星联玉米粒进行了检测。本文提供了测试经济学的概述。买方和卖方所面临的风险是什么?不同的检测方案如何影响这些风险?市场溢价和折扣、测试成本和先前的信念如何影响测试的动机?建立了一个概念模型，卖方可以选择是否在装运前对粮食进行预测试。仿真分析了市场溢价和其他变量对检验激励和买方风险的影响。
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