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英文文献：Determinants Of Resource Allocation In Low Input Agriculture: The Case Of Banana Production In Uganda-低投入农业资源配置的决定因素:以乌干达香蕉生产为例
英文文献作者：Tushemereirwe, Wilberforce K.,Kikulwe, Enoch M.,Rufino, Mariana,Kuyvenhoven, Arie,Ruben, Ruerd,Bagamba, Fredrick,Kalyebara, Robert
英文文献摘要：
Banana production provides suitable options for subsistence and income generation in the mid and high elevation areas of East Africa, including Uganda. Limited access to factor markets (labour, land and credit), as well as critical biophysical factors (pests, diseases and soil degradation) have led to the decline of banana production in central Uganda and its rise in the southwest of the country. We formulate a farm production model to analyze farm household behavior in developing countries regarding resource allocation to crop production with specific reference to banana production. Findings have implications for policies to support sustainable agricultural production and growth, contributing to on-going debates about the separability of consumption and production decisions in developing economies and the response of poor households to price incentives. Our adapted model considers the non-separability of household production and consumption decisions. Perfect market conditions rarely exist in developing countries because of limited access to credit and the seasonal nature of crop production. Households often fail to satisfy annual cash income constraints, their expenditures exceeding revenue at certain periods of the year. We estimated a production function econometrically with a double log functional form to analyze output response to input use. A reduced form equation of labour demand was estimated to analyse the determinants of farmers' investment in banana production. Primary data was generated through a random sample that includes 660 households of which 533 were used. The sample was drawn from 33 villages located in major banana production systems, stratified by elevation and previous exposure to new technology. Elevation is highly correlated with differences in farm and biophysical characteristics such as soil fertility, incidence of pests and plant disease. "Exposure" captures the village-level effect on household decision-making of previous technology releases. Results from the production function showed positive and significant relationship between banana production and elevation, crop sanitation labour and natural pasture. Education of household head was negatively related to output, implying that improvements in education results to a withdraw labour from agriculture to other activities. Labour use in cooking banana responded negatively to wage rate but response to out price was not significant. Nonfarm self-employment was negatively related to labour use in cooking bananas implying withdraw of family labour from farm production to non-farm production. There was a negative relationship between distance to paved roads and labour use, which implies higher transaction costs for farmers staying far away from improved road network. Education of housewife was positively related to labour used in banana production in low altitude areas but not significant for high altitude areas implying that women have a big role in decisions regarding food crop production. Investment in education (improving farming skills) of women might increase food security in low input agricultural areas. The joint effect of household characteristics on labour use (output supply) was significant implying that the separability condition between production and consumption decisions among smallholder producers is not valid. The results indicate that, given the current environment constraints, investment in technology development and dissemination has positive implications for agricultural development in low input systems. Investment in human capital, especially in education of women, and providing an enabling environment for easy access to input markets play major roles in improving agricultural production.
香蕉生产为包括乌干达在内的东非中高海拔地区的生计和创收提供了适当的选择。进入要素市场(劳动力、土地和信贷)的机会有限，以及关键的生物物理因素(虫害、疾病和土壤退化)导致了乌干达中部香蕉产量的下降和该国西南部香蕉产量的上升。我们制定了一个农业生产模型，以分析发展中国家的农户在作物生产方面的资源配置行为，具体参考香蕉生产。研究结果对支持可持续农业生产和增长的政策具有影响，有助于推动有关发展中经济体消费和生产决策的可分离性以及贫困家庭对价格激励措施的反应的持续辩论。调整后的模型考虑了家庭生产和消费决策的不可分离性。发展中国家很少有完美的市场条件，因为获得信贷的机会有限，而且作物生产具有季节性。家庭往往无法满足每年现金收入的限制，在一年的某些时期，他们的支出超过了收入。我们用双对数函数形式计量估计生产函数，以分析输入使用的输出响应。估计了劳动力需求的简化方程，以分析农民对香蕉生产投资的决定因素。原始数据是通过随机抽样产生的，包括660个家庭，其中533个被使用。该样本从位于主要香蕉生产系统的33个村庄中抽取，按海拔和以前接触新技术的程度分层。海拔高度与土壤肥力、病虫害和植物病害等农业和生物物理特征的差异高度相关。“曝光”捕捉了以前技术发布对家庭决策的村庄层面的影响。生产函数结果表明，香蕉产量与海拔、作物环卫劳动和天然草场呈显著正相关。户主受教育程度与产出呈负相关，说明教育水平的提高导致劳动力从农业转向其他活动。劳动力在香蕉烹饪中的使用对工资率有负向反应，但对外销价格的反应不显著。非农业自雇与烹饪香蕉的劳动力使用呈负相关，这意味着家庭劳动力从农业生产撤回到非农业生产。铺设道路的距离与劳动力使用之间存在负相关关系，这意味着远离改善的公路网的农民的交易成本更高。在低海拔地区，家庭主妇受教育程度与香蕉生产中使用的劳动力呈正相关，但在高海拔地区不显著，这意味着妇女在粮食作物生产决策中发挥重要作用。对妇女的教育(提高农业技能)进行投资可以增加低投入农业地区的粮食安全。农户特征对劳动力使用(产出供给)的联合效应显著，这意味着小农生产决策与消费决策之间的可分离性条件不成立。结果表明，鉴于目前的环境限制，在技术开发和传播方面的投资对低投入体系的农业发展具有积极的影响。人力资本投资，特别是妇女教育投资，以及为进入投入市场提供有利环境，在改善农业生产方面发挥了重要作用。
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