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英文文献：Impacts Of Pesticide Regulation On The California Strawberry Industry-农药管制对加州草莓产业的影响
英文文献作者：Carter, Colin A.,Chalfant, James A.,Goodhue, Rachael E.,Groves, Kiara,Simon, Leo K.
英文文献摘要：
Environmental regulation of agriculture is becoming increasingly important, and growers are increasingly concerned about the effects of regulations on their profitability. Regulations governing the use of a pesticide affect its economic value. Further, growers often face a choice among pesticide alternatives, each with its own set of regulatory restrictions. In this environment, the introduction of a new regulation can have complex effects on growers' profit-maximizing pesticide choices. Buffer zones and regional emissions caps mean that pesticide choices can have important spatial components. Our paper presents an optimization model that incorporates spatial considerations at the field and regional level. We apply our model to fumigant choice by California strawberry growers. The industry is facing an impending ban on the use of methyl bromide, which in conjunction with chloropicrin was the standard fumigant for over forty years. In addition to the forthcoming ban, the state government has imposed regulations governing methyl bromide application, including buffer zones, etc. These extreme use restrictions provide us with an interesting environment for modeling the effects of pesticide regulations. There are currently two legally available fumigants that may substitute for methyl bromide in strawberries: 1,3-D and chloropicrin. 1, 3-D is subject to township caps and other restrictions. Township caps limit total application in an area. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation is currently undertaking air monitoring and other activities to determine whether or not buffer zones and other restrictions should be applied to chloropicrin. We evaluate the effects of current and proposed regulations on field-level decisions and industry costs and returns. Methodology To the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the role of pesticide use regulations in determining growers' profit-maximizing pesticide choices at the field level. We do so by combining three datasets with a field-level spatial model of the profit-maximizing fumigation decision. The first dataset includes detailed field-level information regarding the costs and yields associated with alternative fumigants obtained from a multi-disciplinary research project. The second includes chemical-specific California use regulations regarding treatment rates, buffer zones, and other restrictions. The third includes information on the shapes and sizes of strawberry fields in California. Using these data, the optimization model computes the profit-maximizing treatment for each field including pattern of treatment and number of acres treated per day, etc. Field-level results are aggregated to evaluate the impact of regional pesticide regulations, and then to estimate the industry-level effects of current and proposed pesticide use regulations. We model the effects of the entire regulatory system on the fumigation decisions made by farmers. The restrictions on fumigants are integrated into a field-level programming model of a grower's fumigant decision choice. The program calculates the optimal fumigation plan for a field, given the field's size and shape, and use regulations, and per-acre costs and returns associated with each fumigant. The resulting field-level choices are aggregated in order to check for consistency with township caps. If caps are exceeded, the model is rerun using a number of allocation rules. All choices for all fields are aggregated in order to obtain industry-level results. We perform this procedure for the current set of restrictions and for several alternative sets, assessing the profitability of each alternative. For example, we remove the existing township caps on 1,3-D and evaluate how much the results change. We include varying buffer zone restrictions on chloropicrin, and evaluate whether growers' fumigant choices are sensitive to the size of the buffer zone. Relevance Environmental regulation of agriculture is becoming increasingly important. By explicitly analyzing the effect of regulations affecting methyl bromide alternatives in a model that includes both the spatial dimensions of some regulations and the costs and yields associated with each alternative, we will obtain a more detailed and accurate assessment of the costs of these regulations than is currently available. Our results will provide a greater understanding of the effects of these regulations on industry profitability, and how these regulations interact. Our model can be applied to other cases of pesticide regulations. Given the increasing importance of environmental regulation in agriculture, it is important to aid policymakers in understanding how regulations interact with each other, possibly in unexpected ways.
农药管制对加州草莓产业的影响。农业的环境管制正变得越来越重要，种植者越来越关心管制对其盈利能力的影响。管制农药使用的规定影响其经济价值。此外，种植者经常面临在农药替代品中进行选择，每种替代品都有自己的一套监管限制。在这种环境下，新规定的引入会对种植者利润最大化的农药选择产生复杂的影响。缓冲区和区域排放上限意味着农药的选择可能具有重要的空间成分。我们的论文提出了一个优化模型，该模型结合了领域和区域层面的空间考虑。我们将我们的模型应用于加州草莓种植者的熏蒸剂选择。该行业正面临一项即将禁止使用甲基溴的禁令，甲基溴与氯苦一起作为标准熏蒸剂已有40多年的历史。除了即将实施的禁令之外，州政府还对甲基溴的应用实施了条例，包括缓冲区等。这些极端的使用限制为我们模拟农药管制的影响提供了一个有趣的环境。目前有两种合法的熏蒸剂可以替代草莓中的甲基溴:1,3- d和氯吡啉。1、3-D受到城镇上限和其他限制。乡镇上限限制在一个地区的全部申请。加州农药管理部门目前正在进行空气监测和其他活动，以确定是否应该对氯吡苦实行缓冲区和其他限制。我们评估当前和拟议的法规对实地决策和行业成本和回报的影响。就我们所知，还没有一项研究检验过农药使用规定在决定种植者在田间水平上的利润最大化农药选择中所起的作用。我们通过将三个数据集与利润最大化熏蒸决策的田间层次空间模型相结合来做到这一点。第一个数据集包括关于从一个多学科研究项目中获得的与替代熏蒸剂相关的成本和产量的详细的实地信息。第二项规定包括关于处理率、缓冲区和其他限制的特定化学品加州使用规定。第三部分包括加州草莓田的形状和大小。利用这些数据，优化模型计算每个农田的最大利润处理，包括处理模式和每天处理的英亩数等。将田间水平的结果汇总起来，评估区域农药法规的影响，然后评估现行和拟议的农药使用法规的行业水平的影响。我们模拟了整个监管体系对农民熏蒸决策的影响。将薰蒸剂的限制条件集成到种植商薰蒸剂决策的田间层次规划模型中。考虑到农田的大小和形状，使用规则，以及每英亩的成本和每种熏蒸剂的回收率，该程序计算出了农田的最佳熏蒸方案。对产生的字段级选择进行汇总，以检查是否与城镇上限一致。如果超过上限，则使用许多分配规则重新运行模型。聚合所有字段的所有选择，以获得行业级结果。我们对当前的限制集和几个备选集执行这个程序，评估每个备选集的盈利能力。例如，我们取消了现有的城镇3-D上限，并评估结果的变化。我们包括了对氯苦不同的缓冲带限制，并评估种植者的熏蒸剂选择是否对缓冲带的大小敏感。相关性Env
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