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英文文献：Traceability And Identity Preservation Policy: Private Initiatives Vs. Public Intervention-追溯和身份保存政策:私人倡议与公共干预
英文文献作者：Goldsmith, Peter D.
英文文献摘要：
Firms within the food supply chain must decide what information to provide and how to provide it. This applies to collecting information from upstream suppliers as well as to supplying information to downstream customers. Components of this vertical information situation include farmer supplier identity preservation to capture value and the buyer information needs concerning geographic location of production or seller identity in order to manage risk. A policy question is raised as to how vertical information flow; in the form of segregation, traceability, or identity preservation, should be accomplished. This question has recently come to the policy forefront through European labeling/traceability issues, the Canadian BSE incident, Country of Origin Labeling legislation, and biosecurity concerns. The US food industry often contends that mandated macro government systems (e.g. full traceability systems, animal passports, ISO 9000) would be misplaced and ineffective. They point to the tremendous private quality control systems, already in place in the industry. Though the industry's quality systems may not be in the public domain as in Europe, they are nonetheless present. The argument continues that proprietary systems contribute to a firm's competitive advantage and mandating a system would distort investment and incentives. Within this classic debate about public policy versus private strategies is a fundamental question about the role of commodities in the economy. Are they an inferior form of market development whereby the natural and preferred tendency is for supply to differentiate? Put another way is the economy better off with differentiated or undifferentiated (commodity) basic inputs? This article contributes to the policy debate by discussing why and how commodities many times are preferred by end users and thereby a signal of a properly performing economy not a market "failure." The discussion will also shed light on why farmer premiums remain low and how greater value can be created at the production stage.
食品供应链中的公司必须决定提供什么信息以及如何提供。这适用于从上游供应商收集信息以及向下游客户提供信息。这种垂直信息情况的组成部分包括农民供应商身份保存以获取价值，以及买方关于生产地理位置或卖方身份以管理风险的信息需求。提出了纵向信息如何流动的政策问题;以隔离的形式，可追溯性或身份保存应完成。通过欧洲标签/可追溯性问题、加拿大疯牛病事件、原产国标签立法和生物安全问题，这个问题最近成为政策的前沿。美国食品行业经常声称，强制性的宏观政府体系(如全面追溯系统、动物护照、ISO 9000)将是错误的和无效的。他们指出，该行业已经建立了庞大的私人质量控制体系。尽管该行业的质量体系可能不像欧洲那样处于公共领域，但它们仍然存在。这种观点继续认为，专利制度有助于企业的竞争优势，而授权一种制度将扭曲投资和激励。在这场关于公共政策与私人战略的经典辩论中，有一个关于大宗商品在经济中角色的基本问题。它们是市场发展的一种劣等形式，自然的和优先的趋势是供应区分?换句话说，差别或无差别(商品)基本投入的经济状况更好吗?这篇文章通过讨论为什么和如何商品多次被最终用户所青睐，从而表明一个正常运行的经济而不是市场“失败”的信号，对政策辩论作出贡献。讨论还将阐明为什么农民的保险费仍然很低，以及如何在生产阶段创造更大的价值。
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