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英文文献：An Econometric Test of the Endogeneity of Institutions: Water Markets in the Western United States-制度内生性的计量检验:美国西部的水市场
英文文献作者：Hansen, Kristiana,Howitt, Richard E.,Williams, Jeffrey C.
英文文献摘要：
In the western United States, the tremendous spatial and temporal variation in rainfall suggests that there are substantial gains from trade to be had through water markets. However, physical and institutional impediments to water transfers complicate the challenge of meeting the expanding population and environmental demands placed on water resources. Because of the variability in the relative importance of water supply uncertainty and trading impediments, markets are forming differently across the western United States. In many locations, trades take the form of short-term leases of water, where the underlying property rights remains unaffected. In other regions, transfers of permanent water rights predominate. Our econometric analysis of the determinants of 2247 transactions reported in the Water Strategist over 1993-2003 supports the conclusion that institutions have influenced not only whether water trades occur, but also whether trades are permanent water rights transfers or short-term leases.
在美国西部，降雨量在空间和时间上的巨大变化表明，可以通过水市场从贸易中获得大量收益。然而，水转让的有形和体制障碍使满足日益扩大的人口和环境对水资源的要求的挑战复杂化。由于供水不确定性和交易障碍的相对重要性的可变性，美国西部的市场正在形成不同。在许多地方，交易采取的形式是短期的水资源租赁，而根本的产权不受影响。在其他区域，永久水权的转让占主导地位。我们对《水战略家》1993-2003年报道的2247笔交易的决定因素进行了计量经济学分析，支持了这样的结论:制度不仅影响了水交易是否会发生，还影响了水交易是永久性的水权转让还是短期租约。
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