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http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr09_e.htm
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CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ...............................................................................................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................ix
DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................................................................x
FOREWORD BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL ..........................................................................................................xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................xiii
I THE TRADE SITUATION IN 2008-09 ............................................................................................................... 1
A INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
B OVERVIEW OF TRADE AND PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENTS IN 2008-09 ...................................... 3
C MERCHANDISE TRADE, VOLUME (REAL) TERMS, 2008 ......................................................................... 5
D MERCHANDISE AND SERVICES TRADE, VALUE (NOMINAL) TERMS, 2008 ................................... 7
II TRADE POLICY COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCY MEASURES ............................................. 19
A INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 19
B FLEXIBILITY IN TRADE AGREEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 21
1. Economic theories of trade agreements and the role of flexibilities .......................................................... 21
2. Circumstances for suspension of commitments and flexibility measures
built into the WTO agreements .....................................................................................................................30
3. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................39
C ECONOMICS, DISCIPLINES AND PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 47
1. Safeguards ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
2. Dumping and anti-dumping measures ..........................................................................................................65
3. Subsidies and countervailing duties ...............................................................................................................84
4. Other selected measures of contingency protection ..................................................................................102
5. Choosing among different measures ............................................................................................................ 114
6. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 117
D EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE .....................................................................................................................................127
1. Patterns and trends in the use of contingency measures ...........................................................................127
2. Contingency measures and the multilateral trading system ....................................................................142
3. Factors explaining the use of trade contingency measures .......................................................................147
4. The economic impact of contingency measures .........................................................................................152
5. Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................156
E CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................................................159
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................................161
TECHNICAL NOTES ....................................................................................................................................................169
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