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1：Z Adar, JM Griffin . "Uncertainty and the choice of pollution control instruments". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1976. 2：NO Keohane, RL Revesz, RN Stavins - Harv. "The choice of regulatory instruments in environmental policy". Envtl. L. Rev., 1998 .
3:Lewis, T. "Incentives and the Design of Environmental Policy". 2001,paper presented at the europen association of environmental and resources economics . southampton .U.K.

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关键词：英文文献 environment Instruments Southampton uncertainty 求助 文献 英文

Uncertainty and the choice of pollution control instruments Zvi Adar and James M. Griffin
Department of Economics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174, USA


Received 12 January 1976.  
Available online 28 July 2004.


AbstractThis paper compares the relative efficiencies of pollution taxes, pollution standards, and the auctioning of pollution rights when the marginal damage function or marginal control cost are subject to uncertainty. In the first case, we find that all instruments yield the same expected social surplus. In the latter case, the choice of the optimal instrument depends, in general, on the relative elasticities of the marginal damage and marginal expected cost functions, on the way in which uncertainty enters the model, and on the distribution of the error term. Policy conclusions are derived.
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The choice of regulatory instruments in environmental policy

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第三个有难度