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英文文献：Grain Marketing Tools: A Survey of Illinois Grain Elevators-谷物销售工具:伊利诺斯州谷物升降机的调查
英文文献作者：Whitacre, Rick C.,Spaulding, Aslihan D.
英文文献摘要：
As with most sectors of the agriculture economy, the U. S. country grain elevator industry has experienced considerable consolidation and concentration. By the same token, the country elevator's customer base (grain producers and landlords) has also changed rather dramatically as grain production takes place on larger and fewer farms. The profitability of operating a country elevator is directly related to the volume of grain the country elevator purchases over the course of a marketing year. Because the basic services offered by country elevators are very similar (purchasing, conditioning and storing grain), country elevators attempt to differentiate themselves from their competition by offering customers a variety of cash grain marketing tools. These tools range from the basic cash forward contracts to minimum price contracts to the so called 'new generation grain marketing contracts'. The primary focus of this paper is to determine the marketing contracts grain elevators offer to their customers and the extent to which these contracts are used by the elevator's customers. Additionally, the types grain contracts offered will be compared to the firm's storage capacity, business organization, size of customer base, geographic location and type of grain purchased.
与农业经济的大多数部门一样，美国的乡村谷物提升业经历了相当大的整合和集中。出于同样的原因，乡村电梯的客户基础(粮食生产者和地主)也发生了相当大的变化，因为粮食生产发生在更大更少的农场。运营乡村电梯的盈利能力直接关系到乡村电梯在一年中购买的粮食数量。由于乡村升降机提供的基本服务非常相似(购买、调节和储存粮食)，乡村升降机试图通过向客户提供各种现金粮食销售工具来区别于竞争对手。这些工具包括基本现金远期合同、最低价格合同和所谓的“新一代粮食销售合同”。本文的主要焦点是确定谷物升降机向其客户提供的销售合同，以及这些合同被电梯客户使用的程度。此外，提供的粮食合同类型将与该公司的储存能力、业务组织、客户群规模、地理位置和购买的粮食类型进行比较。
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