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英文文献：The Entrepreneur's Choice of Location: Evidence from the Life Sciences-企业家的选址:来自生命科学的证据
英文文献作者：Kolympiris, Christos,Klein, Peter G.,Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas G.
英文文献摘要：
Why do biotech firms cluster? New and established firms in biotech clusters are said to capitalize on knowledge spillovers, labor-market pooling, and other externalities. Some have even argued that such spillovers are so strong that the cluster itself, rather than the individual, is the locus of entrepreneurship. Such arguments, however, do not resolve the mechanism by which clusters might contribute to the establishment of new firms. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing the locational choices of entrepreneurial firms in the life-sciences industry. Building on both the cluster literature and the literature on entrepreneurship, we develop hypotheses about how cluster characteristics, the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, and characteristics of the business environment affect the entrepreneur's decision to establish a new firm. We argue that a key factor in the location decision is the relative mobility of the appropriate resources. Our main hypothesis is that specialized labor is less mobile than capital and other resources and that it is the base from which entrepreneurs are ultimately created. If so, new firms will emerge in areas characterized by an existing concentration of specialized labor. This labor pool may be spawned by universities and incumbent small and larger biotech (or other high-technology) companies. An alternative explanation is that entrepreneurs establish new ventures outside the cluster, then move them to the cluster to take advantage of local knowledge and other resources. Or a potential entrepreneur could conceive a business plan, then relocate to an existing cluster before founding a firm. We explain how survey data can be used to sort through these explanations.
为什么生物技术公司要聚集在一起?据说，生物技术集群中的新成立的公司会利用知识溢出、劳动力市场集中和其他外部性。有些人甚至认为，这种溢出效应如此强烈，以至于集群本身，而不是个人，才是创业的中心。然而，这些论点并没有解决集群有助于建立新公司的机制。本文提出了一个分析生命科学产业中创业企业区位选择的概念框架。在集群文献和创业相关文献的基础上，我们提出了关于集群特征、企业家个人特征和商业环境特征如何影响企业家建立新公司的决策的假设。我们认为，区位决策的一个关键因素是适当资源的相对流动性。我们的主要假设是，与资本和其他资源相比，专业劳动力的流动性较差，它是最终创造企业家的基础。如果是这样的话，新的公司将会出现在现有专业劳动力集中的领域。这种劳动力资源可能来自大学和现有的小型或大型生物技术(或其他高科技)公司。另一种解释是，企业家在集群之外建立新的企业，然后将它们转移到集群，以利用当地知识和其他资源。或者，一个潜在的企业家可以构想出一个商业计划，然后在成立公司之前转移到一个现有的集群。我们将解释如何使用调查数据来整理这些解释。
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