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英文文献：Organic certification systems and international trading of agricultural products in gravity models-有机认证体系和国际农产品贸易重力模型
英文文献作者：Cantore, Nicola,Canavari, Maurizio,Pignatti, Erika
英文文献摘要：
Recent literature about gravity models points out the importance of institutional frictions in the international market of agricultural products beyond the traditional economics variables as transport costs reducing the mass of trade in bilateral relationships. In particular, previous contributions stress that harmonization of food standards could decrease transaction costs in trading relationships by stimulating international market. In a previous work we hypothesized that the acknowledgment of equivalence in organic standards may represent a reliable signal of affinity in bilateral relationships which may be useful to identify areas in which transaction costs for both conventional and organic standards are lower. This article represents a step forward, since it assumes that the acknowledgment of equivalence in identifying areas with lower transaction costs in trading relationships for the whole produce could be a strong assumption that may be relaxed through the hypothesis that affinity in market exchange could be simply signaled by the presence of organic standards for the involved countries. Therefore, in our analysis we test if countries setting specific rules for organic standards are more “affine” in trading relationships because of a low common cultural, law and political distance but also if differences in organic standards themselves can be useful to differentiate the level of affinity among regions. Interesting insights for policy makers about the identification of relevant variables for international business arise from an econometric analysis.
最近关于引力模型的文献指出，国际农产品市场的制度摩擦的重要性超越了传统的经济学变量，因为运输成本减少了双边关系中的大量贸易。以前的捐助特别强调，统一粮食标准可以通过刺激国际市场来减少贸易关系中的交易费用。在之前的工作中，我们假设承认有机标准中的等价性可能代表了双边关系中可靠的亲和信号，这可能有助于识别传统标准和有机标准的交易成本都较低的领域。本文代表了一种进步,因为它假设等价的承认识别交易成本较低的地区贸易关系对整个生产可以是一个强大的假设可能是轻松的通过市场交换可以假设亲和力只是暗示的存在为相关国家有机食品标准。因此，在我们的分析中，我们检验了为有机标准制定具体规则的国家是否因共同的文化、法律和政治距离较低而在贸易关系中更“亲近”，以及有机标准本身的差异是否有助于区分地区之间的亲和程度。对决策者来说，关于确定国际商业的有关变数的有趣见解来自计量经济学分析。
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