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英文文献：Analysis of the regional impacts of Climate Policy in Japan-日本气候政策的区域影响分析
英文文献作者：Okajima, Shigeharu
英文文献摘要：
After great improvements in energy efficiency in the 1970’s, Japan has made little progress in reducing energy consumption since 1990, the base year for the Kyoto Protocol. This study is motivated by the recent growing demands among policy makers to find all possibilities for saving energy. To make informed decisions on how to save energy, policy makers need detailed information on energy consumption structures within each jurisdiction. First, in this article, I decompose national level energy intensity into efficiency and activity effects with the Fisher Ideal index, and then estimate regressions on prefecture level residential electricity demand between 1990 and 2003. It is found that national level energy intensity declined by seventy three percent from 1970 to 2003; sixty three percent of the decline may be attributed to improvement in energy efficiency. Energy intensity, however, has slightly increased since early 1990’s. Secondly, this paper explores the impact of reduction of carbon emission on the economy. I find that the Japanese government needs to enact the environmental taxes on a $12/ton in order to meet the Kyoto Protocol. It is also found that imposing a $12/ton environmental tax reduces Japanese GDP by around six percent and equivalent variations in urban regions fall while equivalent variations in rural regions rise.
日本在20世纪70年代大幅提高能源效率后，自1990年(《京都议定书》的基准年)以来，在降低能源消耗方面几乎没有取得任何进展。这项研究的动机是政策制定者最近日益增长的寻找节约能源的所有可能性的要求。为了就如何节约能源作出明智的决定，决策者需要关于每个管辖范围内能源消费结构的详细资料。首先，本文利用费希尔理想指数将国家层面的能源强度分解为效率效应和活动效应，然后对1990 - 2003年的地市级居民用电需求进行回归估计。结果表明，1970年至2003年，全国能源强度下降了73%;其中63%的下降可能是由于能源效率的提高。然而，能源强度自1990年代初以来略有增加。其次，本文探讨了减少碳排放对经济的影响。我发现日本政府需要对每吨12美元的a征收环境税，以满足京都议定书的要求。研究还发现，征收每吨12美元的环境税会使日本GDP减少约6%，城市地区的同等环境税差异下降，而农村地区的同等环境税差异上升。
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