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13. Interest Rate Swap Valuation 235
13.1 Chapter Overview 235
13.2 Valuing a Swap at Inception 235
13.3 Valuing the Swap Components 237
13.4 Swap Revaluation 239
13.5 Revaluation Between Payment Dates 240
13.6 The Forward Rate Method 240
13.7 Swap Revaluation Using Forward Rates 242
13.8 Variant on the Forward Rate Method 242
13.9 Swap Rate and LIBOR Rates 243
13.10 Approximate Swap Revaluation Methods 244
13.11 FRAs, Futures and Swap Rates 245
13.12 Pricing a Swap from Futures: Case Study 246
13.13 Swap Hedging 250
13.14 Chapter Summary 251
14. 253
14.1 Chapter Overview 253
14.2 Index Futures 253
14.3 Initial and Variation Margin 254
14.4 Exchange Delivery Settlement Price 256
14.5 Margin and Brokerage Arrangements 257
14.6 Hedging with Index Futures: Case Study 257
14.7 Hedge Efficiency 259
14.8 Other Uses of Index Futures 260
14.9 Pricing an Equity Forward Contract 261
14.10 Index Futures Fair Value 264
14.11 The Basis 264
14.12 Index Arbitrage Trade 265
14.13 Running the Arbitrage Desk 267
14.14 Features of Index Futures 268
14.15 Single Stock Futures 268
14.16 Equity Swaps 269
14.17 Equity Index Swap: Case Study 270
14.18 Managing the Risk on Equity Swaps 271
14.19 Hedging Swaps in the Cash Market 273
14.20 Structuring Equity Swaps 274
14.21 275
14.22 Chapter Summary 277
15. 279
15.1. Chapter Overview 279
15.2 Definitions 279
15.3 Types of Options 280
15.4 Basic Option Trading Strategies 281
15.5 282
15.6 Comparison with Cash Position 283
15.7 Selling a Call: Expiry Payoff Profile 284
15.8 284
15.9 Comparison with Shorting the Stock 286
15.10 Selling a Put: Expiry Payoff Profile 287
15.11 Summary: Intrinsic and Time Value 288
15.12 Stock Options on LIFFE 289
15.13 CBOE Stock Options 290
15.14 FT-SE 100 Index Options 291
15.15 Early Exercise 293
15.16 S&P Index Options 293
15.17 Chapter Summary 295
Appendix: Exotic Options 296
16. Option Valuation Models 301
16.1 Chapter Overview 301
16.2 Fundamental Principles 301
16.3 European Options 302
16.4 Early Exercise 304
16.5 PutCall Parity 305
16.6 Synthetic Forward and Futures Positions 306
16.7 PutCall Parity and American Options 307
16.8 Binomial Trees 307
16.9 Expanding the Tree 310
16.10 BlackScholes Model 313
16.11 BlackScholes with Dividends 315
16.12 316
16.13 Chapter Summary 316
Appendix: Measuring Historic Volatility 317
17. Option Pricing and Risks 321
17.1 Chapter Overview 321
17.2 Intrinsic and Time Value 321
17.3 Spot Price and Option Value 322
17.4 Time Value Behaviour 322
17.5 Volatility 324
17.6 Delta (D or d) 326
17.7 Delta Behaviour 327
17.8 Delta as the Hedge Ratio 327
17.9 Gamma (G or g ) 329
17.10 Re-adjusting the Delta Hedge 330
17.11 Delta and Gamma Behaviour 331
17.12 Theta (q) 332
17.13 Vega 334
17.14 Rho (r) 335
17.15 Chapter Summary 336
Appendix: Delta and Gamma Hedging 336
18. O ption S trat egies 341
18.1 Chapter Overview 341
18.2 Hedging with Put Options 341
18.3 342
18.4 Covered Call Writing 345
18.5 Collars 347
18.6 Zero Cost Collar 348
18.7 Bull Spread 349
18.8 Bear Spread 351
18.9 Put Ratio Spread 352
18.10 Calendar or Time Spread 354
18.11 Volatility Revisited 355
18.12 Volatility Trading: Case Study 356
18.13 Current Payoff Profiles 358
18.14 361
18.15 Other Volatility Trades 361
18.16 Chapter Summary 362
19. Currency and Interest Rate Options 365
19.1 Chapter Overview 365
19.2 Currency Options 365
19.3 Hedging FX Exposures: Case Study 366
19.4 Pricing Currency Options 369
19.5 Interest Rate Options 370
19.6 Exchange-Traded Interest Rate Options 371
19.7 Eurodollar Options 371
19.8 LIFFE Euribor Options 373
19.9 Caps, Floors and Collars 373
19.10 Interest Rate Cap: Case Study 374
19.11 Pricing Caps and Floors 376
19.12 Caplet Valuation: Example 377
19.13 Valuing Floors 378
19.14 Swaptions 379
19.15 Swaption Valuation 379
19.16 Interest Rate Strategies 381
19.17 Chapter Summary 382
Glossary of Financial Terms 383
Useful Internet Sites 435
Further Reading 437
Index 439
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