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英文文献：Estimation and Analysis of Expenses of In-Lieu-Fee Projects that Mitigate Damage to Streams from Land Disturbance in North Carolina-估算和分析北卡罗莱纳州减轻土地干扰对河流破坏的副费用项目的费用
英文文献作者：Templeton, Scott R.,Dumas, Christopher F.,Sessions, William T.,Victoria, Melanie
英文文献摘要：
As North Carolina’s economy has grown, the need to mitigate adverse impacts of land disturbance on aquatic ecosystems has also grown. When land disturbance adversely affects streams, a developer or the state’s Department of Transportation can satisfy mitigation requirements through payment of fees to the state’s Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP). EEP then manages a stream mitigation project on behalf of the responsible party. EEP has had regulatory authority to require stream mitigation for 10 years. The needs of EEP to reassess its mitigation fee and identify ways to reduce costs of the program have grown over the decade. The first objective of this study was to account for all EEP expenses of design-bid and design-bid-build projects. The second objective was to analyze the determinants of contractual expenses with a cost function. EEP has spent or committed to spend $46.34 million for 45 design-build or designbid-build projects to restore or enhance 191,374 ft. of streams. Expenses per foot have been $242.12. Given its mandate to cover expenses for stream mitigation, EEP must raise mitigation fees, especially those for urban projects, make changes to reduce project expenses, or do both. As the length of a restored or enhanced stream increases, the expenses per foot decrease. The decrease is more pronounced in undeveloped, rural areas. Thus, EEP could produce mitigation for less expense by financing fewer projects with longer reaches or by financing more projects in undeveloped, rural areas. Other states with in-lieu-fee programs for compensatory mitigation might also use these results to reduce contractual expenses.
随着北卡罗来纳州经济的增长，减少陆地干扰对水生生态系统的不利影响的需求也在增加。当土地干扰对河流产生不利影响时，开发商或州交通部门可以通过向州生态系统增强计划(EEP)支付费用来满足缓解要求。然后，EEP代表责任方管理一个河流缓解项目。10年来，EEP一直有权要求河流减缓。十年来，EEP对重新评估其缓解费用和确定降低方案成本方法的需求有所增加。本研究的第一个目标是计算设计投标和设计投标建设项目的所有EEP费用。第二个目标是用成本函数分析合同费用的决定因素。EEP已投入或承诺投入4,634万美元，用于45个设计-建造或设计-投标-建造项目，以恢复或改善191,374英尺长的河流。每英尺的费用为242.12美元。鉴于EEP的任务是支付河流缓解费用，它必须提高缓解费用，特别是城市项目的费用，作出改变以减少项目费用，或两者兼之。随着恢复或增强的河流长度的增加，每英尺的费用减少。这种下降在不发达的农村地区更为明显。因此，EEP可以通过资助较少的、规模更大的项目，或为欠发达农村地区的更多项目提供资金，以更少的费用减轻影响。实行补偿性缓解副费用方案的其他国家也可以利用这些结果来减少合同费用。
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