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The Study: Henrik Cronqvist of the University of Miami and Frank Yu of China Europe International Business School compared the corporate social responsibility ratings of S&P 500 companies with information about the offspring of their chief executive officers. The researchers found that when a firm was led by a CEO with at least one daughter, it scored an average of 11.9% higher on CSR metrics and spent 13.4% more of its net income on CSR than the median.
研究：美国迈阿密大学教授亨里克·克龙奎斯特（Henrik Cronqvist）和中欧国际工商学院的余方将标准普尔500指数中的企业的社会责任与CEO子女信息进行了对比，结果发现，当CEO至少有一名女儿时，其所掌管的企业在CSR指标上平均高出11.9%，在CSR上的净收入投入额也比中位数多13.4%。
The Challenge: Do daughters make us better corporate citizens? Could the gender of your child really affect the way you run a business?Professor Cronqvist, defend your research.
质疑：生女儿能让我们成为更好的企业公民？子女性别真能影响你管理公司的方式吗？克龙奎斯特教授，捍卫你的研究吧！
Cronqvist: There is definitely a correlation. Controlling for other factors, companies run by executives with female children rated higher on the measures of diversity, employee relations, and environmental stewardship tracked by the CSR research and analytics group KLD from 1992 to 2012. We also saw a smaller but still meaningful link with the provision of products and services that are more socially responsible.And having daughters coincided with spending significantly more net income on CSR than the median. That female influence does appear to affect the decisions these executives make, which translates into shifted priorities for their organizations.
克龙奎斯特：绝对有关系。CSR研究与分析组织KLD追踪了20年（从1992年至2012年）的相关数据和信息后发现，CEO有女儿的企业，在多样化、员工关系和环保方面的分数更高。我们还发现了一条很小但很有意义的产品与服务条款，内容也与企业社会责任相关。家有女儿的CEO所在企业的确在CSR方面投入的净收入比中位数高得多。女性影响力似乎左右了这些高管的决定，令其转移了公司发展偏好。
HBR: So daughters—not sons—support CSR, and their parents follow that lead?
That’s the theory. The literature in economics, psychology, and sociology suggests that women tend to care more about the well-being of other people and of society than men do, and that female children can increase those sympathies in their parents. For example, research from Eboyna Washington at Yale has shown that U.S. congressmen who have daughters tend to vote more liberally, particularly on legislation involving reproductive rights. Adam Glynn of Emory and Maya Sen of Harvard found a similar pattern among U.S. Court of Appeals judges in cases involving gender issues.
HBR：所以是女儿而不是儿子支持CSR，他们的父母遵从了这一倾向？
理论上是这样。经济学、心理学和社会学著作都提及过，女性比男性更乐于关心他人及社会的健康状况，女儿能增加她们父母在这方面的同情心。例如，耶鲁大学的伊博纳·华盛顿（Eboyna Washington）在研究中发现，那些有女儿的国会议员投票更为开明，特别会关注涉及生育权的法案。艾莫利大学的亚当·格林（Adam Glynn）和哈佛大学的雅·森（Maya Sen）也在上诉法院法官那里发现了相似的模式。
We’ve always known that parents influence their children. It’s clear now that the reverse is also true. Children can change the way their parents think and act—not just at home but also at work. It’s a different spin on nurture versus nature.
我们一直都知道，父母会影响子女，如今的研究表明，反之亦然。孩子也可以改变父母在家庭和工作上的思维和行为模式。这是关于先天与后天问题的另一种观点。
HBR：Just one daughter does the trick?
When we looked at family size, we found that CEOs had 2.5 children, on average—a bit higher than the U.S. standard—and that 48.5% of all those kids were girls, which corresponds to the gender ratio in the general population. Ratings for and spending on CSR at companies did increase the more daughters a CEO had, but the effect wasn’t linear. Just having the treatment (a daughter) mattered much more than the dosage (the number of daughters).
HBR：仅仅是有一个女儿就能造成这种情况？
我们在考察家庭规模时发现，CEO平均有2.5个孩子，略高于美国的平均水平。其中，48.5%的孩子是女孩，与美国总人口的性别比例相符。CEO拥有的女儿越多，其所在公司在CSR方面的得分就越高，投入也越大。但这种影响并非成正比关系。有女儿所带来的影响远大于女儿数量的多寡。
HBR：Does the age of the daughter matter?
What matters is probably not the birth per se but the accumulation of experiences over time. The median age of S&P 500 CEOs in our sample was 57, so most of them have grown children. Those with girls may, for example, have seen their daughters discriminated against in the labor market, which could have an impact on their attitudes about equality.
HBR：与女儿的年龄有关系吗？
有关联的并非年龄本身，而是假以时日的经历累积。在我们的样本中，标普500指数中的企业CEO的中位数年龄是57岁，因此他们中多数人的子女已成年。比如，那些眼见自己女儿在职场遭受歧视的CEO，会更关心公平性问题。
HBR：What about female CEOs? Do they need this “treatment” to prioritize CSR, or does nature take care of that?
Unfortunately, our sample of female CEOs—14 out of the 379 executives for which we could collect data—was too small to draw any firm conclusions. But the companies they led did have much stronger CSR ratings in every KLD-tracked category—not only diversity, employee relations, environment, and product, but also human rights and community. We suspect that a CEO’s own gender matters even more than the gender of his or her children.By our calculation, having a male CEO with a daughter produces slightly less than a third of the effect of having a female CEO. Comparisons of the data on congressmen and judges yielded similar numbers.So you could hypothesize that, on average, any man behaves one-third more “female” when he parents a girl.
HBR：那么女性CEO呢？ 她们也需要有个女儿才会更关注CSR吗？还是天性就能让她们关注CSR？
很遗憾，我们考察的379名CEO中，只有14名女性。我们能收集到的数据实在太小，而难以得出任何切实结论。不过，她们领导的公司确实更具社会责任，在KLD考察的每一个类别（多样化、员工关系、环境、产品、人权和社群）里都排名靠前。我们怀疑，CEO自身的性别比其子女性别所起到的影响更大。根据我们的估算，有一个女儿的男性CEO在CSR方面所做的努力不及一名女性CEO的三分之一。国会议员和上诉法院法官的数据对比也显示出类似结果。所以，我们可以假定，抚育女儿的男性CEO有三分之一“女性化”的决策表现。
HBR：Do sons do anything for you?
All we know is that they show no effect on CSR ratings or spending at their parents’ companies. It would be interesting to see if they matter for other economic behaviors—risk taking, for example.
HBR：儿子能带来类似影响吗？
据我们所知，儿子并不会对父母所在公司的CSR排名或这方面投入带来任何影响。要是他们对父母承担风险等经济行为产生影响，就有意思了。
HBR：What about wives or sisters? Could they influence executives too?
We originally intended to study the broad structure of the CEOs’ families. But even the data on children was difficult to collect. Out of 1,224 S&P 500 CEOs who served and whose companies were ranked by KLD during the period we studied, we could find information on the number and gender of offspring for only 379. Finding out whether they had a sister or not might have been impossible, though it would be interesting to test that one out. As for spouses, we didn’t look at that factor specifically, but given that most of the male CEOs with sons had wives and that sons had no effect on CSR ratings, we would guess that wives don’t matter as much for this issue.
HBR：那妻子或姐妹呢？她们是否也会对CEO构成影响？
我们最初也打算更广泛地研究一下CEO的家庭结构。但即便是子女信息也很难收集到。在我们研究的这个时段里，共有1224名CEO供职于标普500指数中的企业，其中能找到子女数量和性别信息的CEO人数只有379人。尽管我们也很想考察姐妹对他们的影响，但是很难找到这方面的信息。至于配偶，我们并未特别关注这个因素，但是假定那些有儿子的CEO也有妻子，并且他们的儿子对CSR排名没有任何影响，我们猜想，他们的妻子恐怕在这方面的贡献也不大。
HBR：Going back to daughters: Should the shareholders of S&P 500 companies be concerned about the undue influence they’re having on how CEOs spend company money?
It wasn’t our goal to determine whether the economic outcome here was good or bad. We just wanted to know why some companies invest more time and money in socially responsible endeavors than others do. Some of it may have to do with the company itself—the industry or sector in which it operates, or its culture, mission, or location. But the specific executives in charge probably play a role too. Alberta Di Giuli at ESCP Europe and Leonard Kostovetsky at the University of Rochester looked at the impact of the political affiliations of founders, CEOs, and directors and found that U.S. firms led by those who leaned Democratic had higher CSR ratings and spending than the firms run by Republicans did.
HBR：回到女儿身上。标普500指数中的企业股东该担心CEO受到这些不当影响而乱投钱吗？
我们做这个研究并不是为了确定经济结果好坏，而只是想知道，为什么有些公司会在社会责任方面比其他公司投入更多时间和金钱。究其原因，有些可能跟公司本身有关，其所属行业、企业文化、使命或地理位置决定了他们会这么做。但有些CEO也扮演了重要角色。欧洲商学院的阿尔贝塔·迪·朱利（Alberta Di Giuli）与美国罗切斯特大学的列昂纳德·科斯托维奇（Leonard Kostovetsky）考察过美国企业的创始人、CEO和董事们的政治背景，结果发现有民主党倾向的人所在的公司，在CSR方面的排名高于有共和党背景的人所在的公司，它们在CSR上的投入也更多。
Of course, whom you vote for is a choice, which could be correlated to many other factors. The gender of your child typically isn’t: The odds of having a boy or a girl is roughly 50/50 every time. That’s why we thought it was a less obvious and more interesting characteristic to study. You might say it’s surprising that these very powerful people can be influenced by their children. But there are lots of studies showing that professional investors succumb to the same biases as the rest of us.
当然，投票支持谁只是一种选择，与许多其他因素也有关系。但CEO子女的性别关联则并非如此。生男生女的概率每次是50：50。CEO的子女情况略微隐性，却是有趣的特性，这正是我们认为它值得研究的原因。你或许会说，这些非常有权势的人们会受到女儿的影响，颇令人惊讶。但许多研究表明，专业投资者和美国其他人一样，带有相似的偏见。
HBR：Would you expect to see the same relationship between CEOs’ daughters and social responsibility at non-U.S. companies?
It’s possible, though cultural attitudes about gender equality would certainly have to be factored in. Maybe having a daughter would matter less in patriarchal societies; maybe it would matter more. You could certainly get the CSR ratings for firms in other parts of the world, but collecting the information about executives’ children would be more of a challenge.
HBR：据你推测，非美国企业的CEO也受到类似影响吗？
可能吧，尽管他们对男女平等的态度可能也受到文化因素的影响。或许，在父权社会，女儿产生的影响较小，也可能更大。你或许能拿到其他国家企业在CSR方面的排名，但CEO子女的信息却很难拿到。
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