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英文文献：Dynamic Optimization of Nitrogen Use in Agriculture-农业氮素利用的动态优化
英文文献作者：Burnett, J. Wesley,Ferrer, Myra Clarisse R.
英文文献摘要：
Agricultural production is highly dependent on inorganic substances including fertilizers. High-yielding crop varieties, such as corn, require large amounts of primary nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Farmers often add a surplus of nutrients to crops to maximize yields. Utilization of primary nutrients has increased by more than 300% while that of nitrogen alone has increased by more than 600% between 1960 and 2007 (USDA, 2009). From 1964 to 2007, the use of nitrogen in the corn sector alone increased from 1,623,000 to 5,714,000 nutrient tons (USDA, 2009). While increasing production, increased fertilizer use can potentially create negative externalities in the form of nitrate-nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Groundwater is the source of drinking water for about half the total U.S. population and nearly all of the rural population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day for agricultural needs (USGS, 2009). In the U.S. the main source of nitrate pollution in the groundwater results from the actions of farmers through the use of fertilizers and other chemicals (Haller, et al. 2009). Nitrogen-nitrate contamination can have adverse human affects including methemoglobinemia or ―blue-baby‖ syndrome (Majumdar, 2003). The potential for nitrate contamination in corn production is especially problematic as corn alone accounts for over 90% of feed grains produced in the U.S. (USDA, 2009). The USDA estimates that approximately 80 million acres of land is planted to corn, with the majority in the Heartland region (the Midwest) of the U.S. (2009). The Heartland region is primarily rural and much of the population there derives its drinking water from groundwater. Therefore, the potential for groundwater contamination is greatly increased in this region.
农业生产高度依赖无机物质，包括肥料。高产作物品种，如玉米，需要大量的主要营养物质，包括氮、磷和钾。农民经常给作物添加多余的营养，以使产量最大化。从1960年到2007年，初级养分的利用增加了300%，而单氮的利用增加了600%以上(USDA, 2009)。从1964年到2007年，仅玉米部门的氮肥用量就从1,623,000养分吨增加到5,714,000养分吨(美国农业部，2009年)。在增加产量的同时，增加化肥的使用可能会造成地下水中硝酸盐氮污染的负外部性。地下水是大约一半美国人口和几乎所有农村人口的饮用水来源，每天为农业提供超过500亿加仑的水(USGS, 2009)。在美国，地下水硝酸盐污染的主要来源是农民使用化肥和其他化学品的行为(Haller, et al. 2009)。硝酸钾污染会对人体造成不良影响，包括高铁血红蛋白血症或蓝婴综合征(Majumdar, 2003)。在美国生产的饲料谷物中，单单玉米就占了90%以上，因此玉米生产过程中硝酸盐污染的可能性尤其大(美国农业部，2009年)。美国农业部估计，大约有8000万英亩的土地种植玉米，其中大部分在美国的中心地带(中西部)(2009年)。中心地带主要是农村地区，那里的许多人口从地下水中获取饮用水。因此，该地区地下水污染的可能性大大增加。
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