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英文文献：Trade Costs in U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries-美国食品制造业的贸易成本
英文文献作者：Wu, Qian,Gopinath, Munisamy
英文文献摘要：
The objective of this study is to measure trade costs incurred by major U.S. regions when trading manufactured food products with other countries. Trade costs in this study’s context refer to all factors limiting exchange of goods and services among countries, e.g. policy, geographic and institutional barriers. Such costs are often measured as frictions in a micro-founded gravity model as in Anderson and van Wincoop (2004) and Jacks et al. (2011). In this study, the gravity framework is extended to identify regional trade costs in the U.S. food manufacturing industry. The new measures of trade costs not only capture the variation over time in trade fictions among countries, but also allow for further examination of their underlying sources: policy, geographic and institutional factors.
本研究的目的是衡量美国主要地区与其他国家贸易加工食品时的贸易成本。本研究中的贸易成本指的是限制国家间商品和服务交换的所有因素，如政策、地理和制度障碍。在Anderson和van Wincoop(2004)以及Jacks等人(2011)的微观重力模型中，这种成本通常以摩擦来衡量。在本研究中，引力框架被扩展到确定美国食品制造业的区域贸易成本。贸易成本的新措施不仅反映了各国之间贸易虚构情况随时间的变化，而且还允许进一步审查其根本来源:政策、地理和体制因素。
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