促进能源市场竞争的前提，平等参与能源基础设施:以欧盟为例

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Equal access to the energy infrastructure as a precondition to promote competition in the energy market：The case of European Union
Bartlomiej Nowak
Kozminski University, Warsaw Poland.
Available online 16 March 2010.
在许多欧洲国家，电力与天然气的基础设施（电网、天然气管线、仓储设施）仍然被一个所谓的垂直整合事业（VIU）所垄断，即负责能源的提取或生产、供应、传输、分配等。在垂直链上，虽然能源生产和供应可以促进竞争，但能源传输和分配却仍然保持阻碍市场机制的自然垄断。垂直整合很容易地增大自己份额扩大自己产业的可能性，并也简单地阻止新的进入者。作为一个结果，非歧视性、平等参与电力与天然气的输电及配电网络，液化天然气和存储设备等，也是培养在电力与天然气市场精致结构的竞争格局的关键。

Abstract
In many EU countries, the infrastructures for supplying electricity and gas (electricity networks, gas pipelines, and storage facilities) are still properties of the so-called vertically integrated undertakings (VIU) responsible for the extraction or generation, supply, and transmission and distribution of the energy. While competition can be promoted in the generation/production and supply side of the vertical integration, transmission and distribution segments remain natural monopolies that hinder market mechanisms. Vertical integration simply raises the possibility for incumbents to favor their own divisions and to block new entrants. As a result, non-discriminatory and equal access to the electricity and gas transmission and distribution networks, also LNG and storage facilities, is crucial to foster competition in politically delicate structures of the electricity and gas markets.

Keywords: Infrastructure; Competition; Third party access
关键词：基础设施；竞争；第三方接入（第三方准入）
Article Outline
1. General remarks
2. Third party access (TPA)–requirements of the EU law
3. Regulated versus negotiated third party access
3.1. Regulated third party access
3.2. Negotiated third party access
4. Refusal of third party access
5. Equal access to the energy infrastructure in practice. Comparison between France, Great Britain, Germany and Poland.
6. Conclusions
References
[本文重点词汇注释]：
Third party access（第三方接入）
Third party access policies require owners of natural monopoly infrastructure facilities to grant access to those facilities to parties other than their own customers, usually competitors in the provision of the relevant services, on commercial terms comparable to those that would apply in a competitive market.
Third party access policies play an important role in Australia's National Competition Policy, and are applied to "essential infrastructure which cannot be economically duplicated", including electricity transmission and distribution grids, rail tracks and ports.
The third-party access right (‘TPA’) in the energy market context is the idea that in certain circumstances economically independent undertakings operating in the energy sector should have a legally enforceable right to access and use various energy network facilities owned by other companies.
The Internal Energy Market Directives envisage the third-party access right as a crucial element of organisation of access to the energy infrastructure system in Europe and as the main instrument for opening the Internal Energy Market to competition.

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关键词：市场竞争 基础设施 distribution Transmission economically 能源 前提 欧盟 市场竞争 基础设施