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对于刚准备托福考试的同学，阅读长难句是一个大难。
就算之前参加过四六级考试，但是对付这样的句子也是会吃力。
句子理解是读懂文章的基础。有的人以为一个字一个字翻译就是在理解，但语序不同、词不达意问题让很多同学觉得句子说的不是人话，然后又翻来覆去地阅读。句子理解不懂也就很难知道文章要说什么了。
国内多年语法教育，会让人觉得学会语法是一件很难很漫长的事情。但实际上，句子的构成类型很小，每个人是可以快速学习掌握长难句的构成。这步搞定了，托福入门学习你也就成功了。接下来，大量的阅读也只是去掌握单词和词组的措辞表达。
我的语法基本功得益于学习《杨鹏GRE/GMAT长难句》。读晦涩无比的GRE句子对拔高句子结构分析的确受益，但对于刚入托福的小白来说，对付GRE和GMAT考试的长难句会吃不消。这样，提升起来反倒更慢。为了给托福基础薄弱的考生更直接的准备材料，我开始整理托福长难句。
句子中我用不同符号标注不同单位。
主语、形式主语以及后面的真正主语的引导词：加阴影；
谓语、系动词：加下划线；
宾语、介词宾语或表语：加波浪线；
插入语：加双线下划线；
长状语：/… …/;
复杂修饰：{}
定语从句（）
状语从句<>
名次性从句[]
表示并列或转折等的连词：黑体字；
某些固定搭配的、被分割开的词组：黑体字；
部分需要重点解释的词汇：黑体字；
省略：斜体字；
从句引导词：that
第一句：
One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
难句类型：
复杂修饰+并列+从句
解释：
1 此句为并列句…, and …的形式。
2 在第一个并列句中出现了对change 的介词短语修饰，较长，会容易让你把注意力放在这些细节上，而其句子的谓语在第二行才出现，即was；
3 第一句中 or city-state 以插入的形式解释polis。
4 在第二个句子中，主谓宾语序连贯，句尾出现了定语从句对government进行解释。
意群阅读：
One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
第二句：
The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis.
难句类型：
从句+修饰+并列
解释：
1 主语problems为复数形式，在宾语解释中就由and 引导了两个标语，即句型为The problems were …, and…
2 Problems后有一个定语从句，
3 在两个表语中都出现了词组搭配，增大了表语长度。即“share… between …and “, “adjustment …to…” 留意“adjustment..to ”部分介词短语的修饰。
意群阅读：
The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis.
第三句：
The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.
难句类型：
从句+并列
解释：
1 这句话的主句很简短，由“when…”引导的时间状语加大了句子长度。
2 when引导的时间状语中，主谓宾的表述也很连贯。由by…引导的方式状语解释broke.
3 byestablishing…, abolishing…, and allowing… 之间构成并列关系。
在这三个分词结构中，又对应有词组搭配。即，“establish…as…”, “obligations…to… ”, “allow…to…”
意群阅读：
The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.
第四句：
The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region,producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.
难句类型：
插入+并列
解释：
1 主句主语由“as…dynasty”引导插入，岔开主语和谓语。
2 at the expense 修饰“strengthened…”
3 往下看句子容易读乱，“by appointing…, producing…, adding and embellishing… ” 也是解释“strengthened…”
4“that…” 定语从句修饰 festivals，从句中出现搭配结构“focus on .. rather than on …“
意群阅读：
The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.
第五句：
Cleisthenes’principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.
难句类型：
插入+并列+从句
解释：
1 主语修饰部分极多，容易疏忽核心词为contribution.
2 表语从句后 to complete…容易读丢。The processof.. 中weakening的宾语包括family和clan structures.
3 插入句“especially among the aristocrats”修饰“familyand clan structures”
4 第二个and并列关系，是to complete… and to set…
5 后置定语 called domes 修饰 corporations.
6which..从句修饰domes.
意群阅读：
Cleisthenes’principalcontribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clans tructures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.
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