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英文文献：Tomato Farmers and Modern Markets in Nicaragua: a Duration Analysis-尼加拉瓜的番茄农民和现代市场:持续时间分析
英文文献作者：Hernandez, Ricardo,Reardon, Thomas
英文文献摘要：
This paper explores whether farm land and non-land assets determine the participation of tomato growers in modern markets in Nicaragua, and how farmers’ duration as supermarket suppliers affects the farm technology they use. The methodology is based on a survival analysis approach. We use data from a stratified random sample of tomato farmers in Nicaragua over a 10-year period. Our results show that participation in supermarket supply chains as supermarket supplier is not determined by farm size, contrary to a common hypothesis, and thus small farmers can be supermarket suppliers. However, non-land assets are important determinants of being in the modern channel: these assets include irrigation, nonfarm assets (linked to nonfarm employment) and education. Duration as a supermarket supplier is positively correlated with farm asset accumulation and the use of modern technology (mainly in the form of capital-led intensification) of tomato farming – but negatively correlated with the share of highly toxic pesticides in overall pesticide use.
本文探讨了农田和非土地资产是否决定了番茄种植者在尼加拉瓜现代市场的参与，以及农民作为超市供应商的持续时间如何影响他们使用的农业技术。该方法基于生存分析方法。我们使用的数据来自对尼加拉瓜种植番茄的农民在10年期间进行的分层随机抽样。我们的结果表明，作为超市供应商参与超市供应链并不取决于农场规模，这与通常的假设相反，因此小农可以成为超市供应商。然而，非土地资产是进入现代渠道的重要决定因素:这些资产包括灌溉、非农资产(与非农就业有关)和教育。作为超市供应商的时间与番茄种植的农业资产积累和现代技术(主要是资本主导的集约化)的使用呈正相关，但与剧毒农药在整体农药使用中的份额呈负相关。
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