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雷达卡
英文文献：Organisational Learning in Multinationals R&D networks of Japanese and U.S. MNEs in the U.K-日本和美国跨国公司在英国研发网络的组织学习
英文文献作者：Alice Lam
英文文献摘要：
The institutional approach treats organisational forms and behaviour as contingent upon institutions that are durable and socially embedded and so several authors have argued that the nature and modes of operation of multinational enterprises (MNEs) vary according to their national origins. This paper examines the ways in which national patterns of organisation and innovation affect Japanese and US MNEs' global R&D networks and transnational learning, based on case studies of their R&D laboratories in the U.K. In particular, it focuses on how these MNEs tap into foreign academic knowledge base and scientific labour through collaborative links with higher education institutions. Relative to many Japanese MNEs, U.S. firms have developed a greater organisational capacity for coordinating globally dispersed learning and embedding themselves in local innovation networks because the liberal institutional environment within which US MNEs have developed enables them to extend their organisational and human resource systems across institutional and geographical boundaries. By contrast, Japanese MNEs appear to be more limited in their transnational learning because of the much more tightly integrated organisational and business system within which they are embedded. The paper also illustrates how the contrasting logics of the US 'professional community' and the Japanese 'organisational community' model of learning are manifested in MNEs
制度方法认为组织形式和行为取决于持久的和社会嵌入的制度，因此一些作者认为，跨国企业(MNEs)的性质和运作模式因其国家起源而不同。本文探讨国家的组织模式和创新的方式影响日本和美国跨国企业全球研发网络和跨国学习、基于案例研究的研发实验室尤其是在英国,它关注这些跨国公司如何利用外国学术知识基础和科学的劳动力通过协作与高等教育机构。相对于许多日本跨国公司,美国公司已经开发出一种更大的组织协调能力在全球范围内分散学习和嵌入在本地创新网络,因为跨国公司在美国自由的制度环境的发展使他们延长组织和人力资源系统跨机构和地理边界。相比之下，日本跨国公司在跨国学习方面似乎更为有限，这是因为它们所嵌入的组织和商业系统更加紧密地结合在一起。本文还说明了美国的“专业团体”和日本的“组织团体”学习模式的对比逻辑如何在跨国公司中得到体现
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