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英文文献：The Marginal External Cost of Obesity in the United States-美国肥胖症的边际外部成本
英文文献作者：Parks, Joanna C.,Alston, Julian M.,Okrent, Abigail M.
英文文献摘要：
Over the past five decades in the United States both total medical expenditures and the proportion of medical expenditures financed with public funds have increased significantly. A substantial increase in the prevalence of obesity has contributed to this growth. In this study we measure the external cost of obesity, in the form of publicly funded health-care expenditures, and how this cost changes when the distribution of obesity in the population changes. We use a continuous measure of obesity, BMI, rather than discrete weight categories to represent the distribution of obesity and changes in it. We predict that a 1-unit increase in BMI for every adult in the United States would increase annual public medical expenditures by $38.7 billion. This estimated public cost equates to an average marginal cost of $175 per year per adult for a one unit change in BMI for each adult in the U.S. population. Separately, we estimate that if every U.S. adult who is now obese (BMI 30) had a BMI of 25 instead, annual public medical expenditures would decline by $173.7 billion (in constant 2008$), or 17.2% of annual public medical expenditures in 2008. Assuming a socially optimal BMI of no more than 25, we estimate that the prevalence of obesity in 2008 resulted in a deadweight loss of $216.7 billion in 2008.
在过去50年里，美国的医疗支出总额和由公共资金资助的医疗支出所占比例都有了显著增加。肥胖患病率的大幅增加是造成这种增长的原因之一。在这项研究中，我们以公共资助的医疗保健支出的形式衡量了肥胖的外部成本，以及当肥胖在人口中的分布发生变化时，这种成本如何变化。我们使用连续测量肥胖的BMI，而不是离散的体重分类来表示肥胖的分布和变化。我们预测，美国每个成年人的BMI每增加1个单位，每年的公共医疗支出就会增加387亿美元。这一估计公共成本相当于，美国人口中每个成年人的BMI变化一个单位，平均每人每年的边际成本为175美元。另外，我们估计，如果现在每个肥胖的美国成年人(BMI为30)的BMI为25，那么每年的公共医疗支出将减少1737亿美元(以2008年不变的美元计算)，相当于2008年每年公共医疗支出的17.2%。假设社会最理想的BMI不超过25，我们估计2008年肥胖的流行导致了2167亿美元的无谓损失。
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