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英文文献：The Link between Environmental Innovation, Patents, and Environmental Management-环境创新、专利和环境管理之间的联系
英文文献作者：Marcus Wagner
英文文献摘要：
This paper analyses empirically the relationship between environmental innovations, environmental management and patenting. In particular it tests a number of propositions on how environmental management systems and the interaction with environmentally more or less concerned stakeholders are associated with the probability of firms to pursue innovation in general (measured as patenting behaviour) and specifically environmental innovation (measured as firm self-assessment and based on patent data). In applying a negative binomial as well as binary discrete choice models the relationship is studied using data on German manufacturing firms. As a novel and important insight, the study finds that environmental innovation can be meaningfully identified using patent data and that environmental innovation defined this way is less ubiquitous than self-reported environmental innovation. It also reveals that the implementation level of environmental management systems has a positive effect exclusively on environmental process innovation, whereas it is negatively associated with the level of a firm’s general patenting activities. For environmental product innovation and patented environmental innovations a positive relationship with environ-mentally concerned and a negative link with environmentally neutral stakeholders is found.
本文对环境创新、环境管理与专利行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。尤其是它测试的命题对环境管理系统和交互或多或少与环保有关的利益相关方与企业追求创新的概率一般(衡量专利行为)和具体环境创新(衡量公司自我评估和基于专利数据)。应用负二项式和二元离散选择模型，利用德国制造企业的数据研究了这一关系。作为一种新颖而重要的见解，该研究发现，环境创新可以通过专利数据得到有意义的识别，而且以这种方式定义的环境创新不如自我报告的环境创新普遍。环境管理系统的实施水平只对环境过程创新产生正向影响，而与企业的一般专利活动水平呈负相关。环境产品创新和环境专利创新与环境关注者之间存在正相关关系，与环境中立的利益相关者之间存在负相关关系。
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