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英文文献：Societal Effects and the Transfer of Business Practices to Britain and France-社会影响和商业惯例向英国和法国的转移
英文文献作者：Edward Lorenz
英文文献摘要：
This paper seeks to reconcile the notion of a 'societal effect' in business organisation with the considerable evidence that competitive pressures continuously lead national producers to emulate the business practices of other nations, which are perceived as providing a basis for superior economic performance. The paper identifies three sources of national specificity in the process of emulation giving rise to 'hybrid' models. First, the fact that a nation's manufacturers have a distinctive knowledge base means that adopting another nation's methods will depend on local learning involving trial and error. The more 'distant' the emulated technology is from the local one, the less likely it is that this learning process will result in an exact replica of the parent model. Second, when there are strong interdependencies between a nation's production methods and its systems of vocational training, there will be strong pressure to adopt new methods in ways that are compatible with existing career structures. Third, the fact each nation has a particular industrial relations legacy involving varying levels of trust between labour and management, means that new practices will be introduced through a distinctive process of negotiation and compromise giving rise to national specific effects.
本文试图调和商业组织中的“社会效应”的概念与相当多的证据，竞争压力持续导致国家生产者模仿其他国家的商业实践，这被视为提供优越的经济表现的基础。该论文确定了导致“混合”模型产生的仿真过程中国家特殊性的三个来源。首先，一个国家的制造商有一个独特的知识库，这意味着采用另一个国家的方法将取决于本地学习，包括尝试和错误。被模仿的技术离本地技术越远，这种学习过程产生与父模型完全相同的复制的可能性就越小。第二，当一个国家的生产方法和职业培训体系之间存在很强的相互依赖性时，就会有强大的压力，要求采用与现有职业结构相适应的新方法。第三，每个国家都有特殊的劳资关系遗产，涉及劳资双方不同程度的信任，这一事实意味着，新的做法将通过独特的谈判和妥协过程引入，从而产生国家的具体影响。
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