统计 Causal Inference in Statistical Models of the Process of Socioeconomic Achievement--A Case Study

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Causal Inference in Statistical Models of the Process of Socioeconomic Achievement--A Case Study

文献名称	Causal Inference in Statistical Models of the Process of Socioeconomic Achievement--A Case Study
文献作者	MICHAEL E. SOBEL
作者所在单位	University of Arizona
文献分类	已发表文献
学科一级分类	统计
学科二级分类	统计学
文献摘要	Typicaily, using data from a nonexperimental study, quantitative sociologists model one or more outcomes as a function of independent variables, interpreting the resulting parameter estimates as effects. This article compares the usual approach to causal inference in sociology with an alternative approach that builds explicitly on a counterfactual account of causation. The comparison is relevant because sociologists typically interpret (incorrectly) parameter estimates obtained using the first approach as supporting causal statements that are counterfactual. To make matters concrete, the author reconsiders an attainment model of Featherman and Hauser, who are interested in comparing the effects of fnmily background on achievement, by sex and time. This analysis suggests the coefficients in the regressions of respondent's education and occupational status on background should not be interpreted as effects. However, because a child's sex is determined without regard for his or her subsequent achievements, sex may be viewed as randomly assigned, justifying treating sex as the cause and the background variables us covariutes. Unfortunately, the way in which the data were collected preclude such a treatment.
参考文献	Amemiya, Takeshi. 1985. Advanced Econometrics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Angrist, JoshuaD., Guido W. Imbens, and Donald B. Rubin. 1996. "Identification of Causal Ef fects Using Instrumental Variables (With Discussion)," Journal of the American Statistical Association 91:444-72. Blau, Peter M. and Otis D. Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: John Wiley. Browne, Michael W. and Gerhard Arminger. 1995. "Specification and Estimation of Mean and Covarianee Structure Models?' Pp. 185- 249 in Handbook of Statistical Modeling for the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by G. Arminger, C. C. Clogg, and M. E. Sobel. New York: Plenum Press. Cox, David R. 1958. The Planning of Experiments. New York: John Wiley. Duncan, Otis D. 1966. "Path Analysis: Sociological Examples?' American Journal of Sociol ogy 72:1-16. Peatberman, David L. and Robert M. Hauser. 1976. "Sexual Inequalities and Socioeconomic Achievement in the U.S., 1962-1973"' American Sociological Review 41:462-83. Graff, J.andPeter Schmidt. 1982. "A General Model forDecompositionofEffects." Pp.131-48 in Systems Under Indirect Observation, edited by K. G. J6reskog and H. Wold. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Holland.Paul W. 1988. "Causal Inference, Path Analysis, and Recursive Structural Equation Models (With Discussion)?' Pp. 449-93 in SociologicaIMethodology, 1988, edited by C. C. Clogg. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. J6reskog, Karl G. 1977. "Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences: Specification, Estimation and Testing." Pp. 265-87 in Applications of Statistics, edited by E R. Krishnaiab. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Pratt, John W. and Robert Sehlalfer. 1988. "On the Interpretation and Observation of Laws?' Journal of Econometrics 39:23-52. Rosenhanm, Paul R. 1984. "The Consequences of Adjustment for a Concomitant Variable That Has Been Affected by the Treatment." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 147:656- 66. Roseabanm, Paul R. and Donald B. Rubin. 1983. "The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects." Biometrika 70:41-55. Rubia, Donald B. 1974. "Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies." Journal of Educational Psychology 66:688-701. ---1977. "Assignment to Treatment Groups on the Basis of a Covariate?' Journal of Educational Statistics 2:1-26. ---1978. "Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization." Annals of Statistics 6:34-58. ---1980. "Comment on 'Randomization Analysis of Experimental Data: The Fisher Ran domization Test' by D. Basu." Journal of the American StatisticalAssociation 75:591-93. Sobel, Michael E. 1990. "Effect Analysis and Causation in Linear Structural Equation Models." Psychometrika 55:495 -515. --- 1994. "Causal Inference in Latent Variable Models," Pp. 3-35 in Latent Variables An alysis: Applications for Developmental Research, edited by A. von Eye and C. C. Clogg. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ---1995. "Causal Inference in the Social and Behavioral Sciences." Pp. 1-38 in Handbook of Statistical Modeling for the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by G. Arminger, C. C. Clogg, and M. E. Sobel. New York: Plenum Press. --- 1996. "An Introduction to Causal Inference" Sociological Methods & Research 24:353 79.
关键字	Causal Inference ;Statistical Models ; Socioeconomic Achievement;A Case Study
发表所在刊物（或来源）	SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH, Vol. 27 No. 2, November 1998 318-348
发表时间	November 1998
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phdcs_2008	phdcs_2008发表于:2012-1-16 11:54 It is a very important paper
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