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similar proof to the quasi concave function
just prove necessity
choose z belongs to this subset {Df(x)*z=0} choose a belongs to (0,1]
by taylor expansion
f(x+az)-f(x)-Df(x)*az=a^2/x*z*D^2 f(x+bz)*z for some b belongs to [0,a]
as z belongs to the subset, the above equation is equivalent to
f(x+az)-f(x)=a^2/x*z*D^2 f(x+bz)*z for some b belongs to [0,a]
if left hand side <0, then we get D^2 is negative definite as a b can be arbitrarily small
if left hand side >0 ie. f(x+az)-f(x)>0 by mc.3 Df(x)*az>0. contradiction with Df(x)*z=0
if left hand side=0 ie. f(x+az)=f(x) then as Df(x) not equal to 0, and f(x+az)>=f(x), Df(x)*(az)>0 as well by m.c.3. so contradiction as well
so only the first case when left hand side is smaller than 0 is possilble.
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