华*考博:词汇在考博题型中的运用
众所周知,词汇是英语学习的基石。如果没有词汇量,则谈不上做题。但是我们也需要理解考博试题中对词汇掌握的要求。这样能够很好地指导平时单词记忆的广度和深度。华*考博老师下面主要介绍词汇在考博各个题型中的考法和要求。
一、词汇题。
例题:2018年医学统考词汇真题
分析:通过选项来看,要求我们在备考期间掌握单词记忆的广度,单词词义在语境中的准确运用,即要求我们短时间看懂题干的意思,选择符合题干要求的语义。也涉及到同义词的辨析,比如turmoil和rebellion;词组搭配;形近词的辨析,如第35题。因此我们不仅要扩大单词量,也需要进行形近词的对比区分记忆。同时需要强调的是,我们不能通过做词汇题来提高词汇量,词汇题只是一种单词记忆的检测手段,要精做词汇题。每次做完题后,我们要能够准确理解每道题的题干中文意思和四个选项的意思。同时可以再盖住选项,盲读一遍题干,要求能够填出空格上的单词。
二、完型填空
Another__12__ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.__13__ , even in dense forest, you should be able to ___14___ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve __15__ the woods. Head toward these __16__ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for __17__ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result
13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example
14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate
15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under
16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks
17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
分析:完型填空的选词或者选短语,都是在于要分清文章的语境和前后的逻辑关系。也就是说我们不能主观臆断,需要在理解文章大意的基础上,通过已知信息来推出未知空的逻辑依据。比如第16空前有个代词these,就提示我们看前一句even in dense forest, you should be able to ___14___ gaps (in the tree line)( due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve __15__ the woods).结合句法结构,我们知道gaps后面是两个介词短语作后置定语,因此都可以去掉。既然“在茂密的森林里,你要能够发现gaps,那么应该是“朝着这些gaps走,你就能够找到出路”。gaps等于选项的breaks。再比如17题,单看这个空是找不出线索的,但是后面的举例such as fires and streetlights,可以推出应该是“人造的artificial 光源”。所以我们建议完型填空最好是在单词量扩大和阅读理解能力提升的基础上来进行练习,会事半功倍。
三、阅读理解。2015年中央党校真题
Philipp Ziesche’s Americans in Paris are familiar faces, including Thomas Jefferson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Paine, Joel Barlow, and James Monroe. For Ziesche’s purposes, what’s most important about these “patriots” is their cosmopolitanism--their belief that all men were ‘fellow citizens of the world,’ united by a common set of values that elided national, religious, linguistic, and other differences. This notion encouraged them to travel to Paris in the 1790s, thinking that they, armed with republican know-how, could be useful to their French counterparts in the translation of universal ideals into practice.
53. The word “elided” in Paragraph 3 refers to______.
A. elicited B. elevated
C. ignored D. illustrated
分析:这个阅读理解题中的词义猜测题。我们需要结合该词所在的句子语境来具体理解其含义。由第三段中“…their belief that all men were ‘fellow citizens of the world,’ united by a common set of values that elided national, religious, linguistic, and other differences.…他们认为全世界的人都是同胞,因为共同的价值而被统一到一起,而该共同价值……国家的、宗教的和其它差异”的“a common set of values”对应可推知“有相同的价值,自然就要去除个性特点”,由此知elided有“忽略”,故C项“忽略;忽视”正确。A项“引出;得出”;B项“提高;抬起”;D项“阐明;举例说明”。这启示我们做阅读只要一篇文章能有70%的认识量,再结合句法分析就可以通过语境去猜其含义。可以通过猜褒贬、猜词性、猜同义词等方式来帮助阅读。
四、翻译
英译汉主要涉及到词汇量和语法结构,最难的是如何“顺”。很多时候是你理解了这句话的意思,却无法找到合适的中文来表达。因此我们平时练习一定要写出来。
汉译英首先需要有一定的语法基础,能够按照英文的句法结构翻译,但同时也需要高级词汇的选择和用词的准确性。比如“好的”,这个词很抽象,我们不能直接译成good,如果是好人,我们可以说warm-hearted ; 如果是“身体好”,则用well;如果是脑子好,则用brilliant或者intelligent;如果是好的传统文化,则是fine traditional culture等等。这启示我们背单词不能只看中文意思,最好是看单词的英英释义或者通过例句来了解单词的用法。
作文
作文除了构思,知道每段如何逻辑地表达出来外,就是需要进行单词的同义替换。比如我们经常会把“越来越多的人”翻译成more and more people,其实我们可以替代成a growing number of people。再如:valuable = of great value; be good for=be beneficial to=be conducive to; important=vital=essential=crucial=critical=of great importance=matter=count. 这样的词汇不可能一下背得很全,但是建议平时记单词注重同义词和高级词汇的积累,在写作过程中正确运用这些高分亮点词汇。