求助翻译

In addressing environmental and natural resource problems, there is a move away from primary reliance
upon centralized regulation toward assignment of property rights to mitigate the losses of open-access.
I examine the assignment of private property rights during the 19th and early 20th centuries to five
natural resources, mineral land, timberland, grazing and farm land, and water on federal government
lands in the Far West. The region was richly endowed with natural resources, but assigning property
rights to them required adaptation from established, eastern practices as defined by the federal land
laws. The property rights that emerged and their long-term welfare effects provide a laboratory for
examining current questions of institutional design to address over-fishing, excessive air pollution,
and other natural resource and environmental problems. A major lesson is that property rights allocations
based on local conditions, prior use, and unconstrained by outside government mandates were most
effective in addressing not only the immediate threat of open-access, but in providing a longer-term
basis for production, investment, and trade. Another lesson is how hard it is to repair initial faulty
property allocations. Accordingly, path dependencies in property rules are real, and they have dominated
the economic history of resource use in the West.

要解决环境与自然的问题，必须要离开对集体规定的依赖而转向产权转让才能减轻公众对环境的破坏。我考察了从19世纪到20世纪初期美国远西区五种自然资源的产权转移情况，这五种资源是：矿地、林地、牧地、农地以及水资源。美国远西区自然资源得天独厚，但是它的产权分配却需要从已有的法律进行改变，以建立他们从东方实践所定义的联邦法律。产权转移的出现以及它们自身社会福利效应的要求他们建立一个研究室来检查当前的自然资源与环境问题，比如：过度捕捞、空气污染以及其它的自然资源及环境问题。产权转移的一个主要教训是，建立在当地条件下，优先使用以及ZF的授权不仅会对公众的参与产生直接的威胁还会产生长期的生产、投资和交易。另一个主要教训是，修复初始产权分配的困难。因此，在路径依赖的规则下原始的产权分配主宰了西方经济史上的资源利用。

要解决环境与自然的问题，必须要离开对集体规定的依赖而转向产权转让才能减轻公众对环境的破坏。我考察了从19世纪到20世纪初期美国远西区五种自然资源的产权转移情况，这五种资源是：矿地、林地、牧地、农地以及水资源。美国远西区自然资源得天独厚，但是它的产权分配却需要从已有的法律进行改变，以建立他们从东方实践所定义的联邦法律。产权转移的出现以及它们自身社会福利效应的要求他们建立一个研究室来检查当前的自然资源与环境问题，比如：过度捕捞、空气污染以及其它的自然资源及环境问题。产权转移的一个主要教训是，建立在当地条件下，优先使用以及ZF的授权不仅会对公众的参与产生直接的威胁还会产生长期的生产、投资和交易。另一个主要教训是，修复初始产权分配的困难。因此，在路径依赖的规则下原始的产权分配主宰了西方经济史上的资源利用