Introduction to R Programming Language (R语言编程英文版）

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This book covers some introductory steps in using R programming language as a
data science tool. The data science field has evolved so much recently with incredible
quantities of generated data. To extract value from those data, one needs to be trained in
the proper data science skills like statistical analysis, data cleaning, data visualization,
and machine learning. R is now considered the centerpiece language for doing all these
data science skills because it has many useful packages that not only can perform all
the previous skills, but also, has additional packages that was developed by different
scientists in diverse fields. These fields include, but are not limited to, business,
marketing, microbiology, social science, geography, genomics, environmental science,
etc. Furthermore, R is free software and can run on all major platforms: Windows, Mac
Os, and UNIX/Linux.
The first two chapters involve installing and using R and RStudio. RStudio is an IDE
(integrated development environment) that makes R easier to use and is more similar
to SPSS or Stata.
Chapters 3–8 covers the different R objects and how to manipulate them including the
very popular one, dataframes. Chapter 9 is about importing different files into your R
working session like text or excel files. Chapters 10 and 11 are dealing with different
tidyverse packages that can do interesting summaries of different dataframes including
different types of data visualizations.
In the last chapter, it introduces how functions are created in R along with some control
structures and useful functions.
In all these chapters, many examples along with different codes and outputs are given to
help your understanding of this powerful programming language. I hope this book will

be great addition to your future data analysis projects.
Chapter 1 Installing R and Rstudio .............................................................................1
1.1 Installing R ...........................................................................................2
1.2 Installing Rstudio .................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Getting Started with R and Rstudio ...........................................................5
2.1 The R Console ......................................................................................6
2.2 Rstudio ................................................................................................7
Chapter 3 Objects and Files .....................................................................................15
3.1 Working at R Console ........................................................................16
3.2 R Objects ...........................................................................................21
3.3 Files and Workspaces.........................................................................25
Chapter 4 Vectors and Lists .....................................................................................29
4.1 Numeric Vectors ................................................................................30
4.2 Integer Vectors ...................................................................................40
4.3 Character Vectors ...............................................................................41
4.4 Logical Vectors ..................................................................................45
4.5 Complex Vectors ................................................................................49
4.6 Implicit Coercion ...............................................................................50
4.7 Explicit Coercion ...............................................................................52
4.8 Lists ...................................................................................................53
Chapter 5 Matrices and Dataframes ........................................................................57
5.1 Building Matrices with Matrix() Function ...........................................58
5.2 cbind() and rbind() Functions .............................................................68
5.4 data.frame() Function .........................................................................77
5.5 Examining the Structure of Built In R Dataframes ...............................80
Chapter 6 Factors and Missing Values .....................................................................91
6.1 Factor() Function ................................................................................92
6.2 Table() and prop.table() Functions ......................................................96
6.3 Cut() Function ..................................................................................112
6.4. Split() Function ...............................................................................125
6.5 Quantile() Function ..........................................................................135
6.6 Missing Values .................................................................................144
Chapter 7 Subsetting Objects ................................................................................151
7.1 Subsetting Vectors ............................................................................152
7.2 Subsetting Matrices ..........................................................................169
7.3 Subsetting Lists ................................................................................177
7.4 Subsetting Dataframes .....................................................................194
7.5 Sorting Objects ................................................................................212
7.6 Removing Na Values ........................................................................221
Chapter 8 Dates and Times ....................................................................................225
8.1 Dates ...............................................................................................226
8.3 Lubridate Package ............................................................................232
8.4 Making Dates from Individual Components .....................................241
Chapter 9 Importing Data ......................................................................................255
9.1. Importing Comma Separated Value Files (.csv extension) into R ......256
9.2 Importing Excel Files (.xlx, .xlsx Extensions) into R ...........................260
9.3 Importing Tab Separated Files (.txt Extension) into R .........................273
Chapter 10 Basic Data Wrangling With Tidyverse ...................................................287
10.1 Tidy Datasets ..................................................................................288
10.2 The “Tidyverse” Package ................................................................288
10.3 dplyr Package ................................................................................288

10.4 Tidyr Package .................................................................................330Chapter 11 Data Visualization Using GGPLOT2 .....................................................341
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................342
11.2 Univariate Analysis: Continuous Data ............................................346
11.3 Univariate Analysis: Categorical Data ............................................352
11.4 Bivariate Analysis: Continuous-Continuous Data ...........................356
11.5 Bivariate Analysis: Continuous-Categorical Data ............................366
11.6 Bivariate Analysis: Categorical-Categorical Data ............................386
Chapter 12 Functions ...............................................................................................393
12.1 Functions .......................................................................................394
12.2 Control Structures ..........................................................................403
12.3 Loop Functions ..............................................................................414
Bibliography ..........................................................................................427
Index .....................................................................................................429

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