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雷达卡
Preface
1 Accounting in Business 2
Importance of Accounting 3
Users of Accounting Information 4
Opportunities in Accounting 4
Fundamentals of Accounting 6
Ethics—A Key Concept 6
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 7
Conceptual Framework 7
Business Transactions and Accounting 9
Accounting Equation 10
Transaction Analysis 11
Summary of Transactions 14
Communicating with Users 15
Income Statement 15
Statement of Owner’s Equity 17
Balance Sheet 17
Statement of Cash Flows 17
Decision Analysis—Return on Assets 18
Appendix 1A Return and Risk 21
Appendix 1B Business Activities 22
2 Analyzing and Recording Transactions 44
Basis of Financial Statements 45
Source Documents 45
The “Account” Underlying Financial Statements 45
Ledger and Chart of Accounts 48
Double-Entry Accounting 49
Debits and Credits 49
Double-Entry System 49
Analyzing and Processing Transactions 51
Journalizing and Posting Transactions 51
Processing Transactions—An Example 52
Summarizing Transactions in a Ledger 57
Trial Balance 58
Preparing a Trial Balance 58
Financial Statements Prepared from Trial Balance 59
Decision Analysis—Debt Ratio 62
3 Adjusting Accounts for Financial
Statements 84
Timing and Reporting 85
The Accounting Period 85
Accrual Basis versus Cash Basis 86
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses 86
Framework for Adjustments 87
Deferral of Expense 87
Prepaid Insurance 87
Supplies 88
Other Prepaid Expenses 89
Depreciation 89
Deferral of Revenue 91
Unearned Consulting Revenue 92
Accrued Expense 93
Accrued Salaries Expense 93
Accrued Interest Expense 94
Future Cash Payment of Accrued Expenses 94
Accrued Revenue 95
Accrued Services Revenue 96
Accrued Interest Revenue 96
Future Cash Receipt of Accrued Revenues 96
Links to Financial Statements 97
Trial Balance and Financial Statements 98
Adjusted Trial Balance 98
Preparing Financial Statements 99
Decision Analysis—Profit Margin 101
Appendix 3A Alternative Accounting for
Prepayments 104
4 Completing the Accounting Cycle 128
Work Sheet as a Tool 129
Benefits of a Work Sheet (Spreadsheet) 129
Use of a Work Sheet 129
Work Sheet Applications and Analysis 130
Closing Process 133
Temporary and Permanent Accounts 134
Recording Closing Entries 134
Post-Closing Trial Balance 137
Accounting Cycle 137
Last-In, First-Out 219
Weighted Average 220
Financial Statement Effects of Costing Methods 221
Tax Effects of Costing Methods 222
Valuing Inventory at LCM and the Effects of
Inventory Errors 224
Lower of Cost or Market 224
Financial Statement Effects of Inventory Errors 225
Decision Analysis—Inventory Turnover and Days’
Sales in Inventory 227
Appendix 6A Inventory Costing under a Periodic
System 233
Appendix 6B Inventory Estimation Methods 238
7 Accounting Information Systems 258
System Principles 259
System Components 260
Special Journals and Subsidiary
Ledgers 261
Basics of Special Journals 261
Subsidiary Ledgers 261
Sales Journal 263
Cash Receipts Journal 265
Purchases Journal 267
Cash Payments (Disbursements) Journal 268
General Journal Transactions 269
Technology-Based Accounting Systems 270
Technology in Accounting 270
Data Processing in Accounting 270
Computer Networks in Accounting 270
Enterprise Resource Planning Software 271
Data Analytics and Data Visualization 271
Cloud Computing 271
Decision Analysis—Days’ Payable Outstanding 271
8 Cash, Fraud, and Internal Control 290
Fraud and Internal Control 291
Purpose of Internal Control 291
Principles of Internal Control 292
Technology, Fraud, and Internal Control 293
Limitations of Internal Control 293
Control of Cash 294
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Liquidity 294
Cash Management 295
Control of Cash Receipts 295
Control of Cash Payments 297
Classified Balance Sheet 138
Classification Structure 138
Classification Categories 139
Decision Analysis—Current Ratio 141
Appendix 4A Reversing Entries 143
5 Accounting for Merchandising
Operations 166
Merchandising Activities 167
Reporting Income for a Merchandiser 167
Reporting Inventory for a Merchandiser 168
Operating Cycle for a Merchandiser 168
Inventory Systems 168
Accounting for Merchandise Purchases 169
Purchases without Cash Discounts 169
Purchases with Cash Discounts 169
Purchases with Returns and Allowances 171
Purchases and Transportation Costs 172
Accounting for Merchandise Sales 174
Sales without Cash Discounts 174
Sales with Cash Discounts 175
Sales with Returns and Allowances 175
Adjusting and Closing for Merchandisers 177
Adjusting Entries for Merchandisers 177
Preparing Financial Statements 178
Closing Entries for Merchandisers 178
Summary of Merchandising Entries 179
More on Financial Statement Formats 177
Multiple-Step Income Statement 180
Single-Step Income Statement 181
Classified Balance Sheet 182
Decision Analysis—Acid-Test and Gross
Margin Ratios 183
Appendix 5A Periodic Inventory System 187
Appendix 5B Adjusting Entries under New Revenue
Recognition Rules 191
Appendix 5C Net Method for Inventory 192
6 Inventories and Cost of Sales 214
Inventory Basics 215
Determining Inventory Items 215
Determining Inventory Costs 216
Internal Controls and Taking a Physical Count 216
Inventory Costing under a Perpetual System 217
Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions 217
Inventory Costing Illustration 218
Specific Identification 218
First-In, First-Out 219
Last-In, First-Out 219
Weighted Average 220
Financial Statement Effects of Costing Methods 221
Tax Effects of Costing Methods 222
Valuing Inventory at LCM and the Effects of
Inventory Errors 224
Lower of Cost or Market 224
Financial Statement Effects of Inventory Errors 225
Decision Analysis—Inventory Turnover and Days’
Sales in Inventory 227
Appendix 6A Inventory Costing under a Periodic
System 233
Appendix 6B Inventory Estimation Methods 238
7 Accounting Information Systems 258
System Principles 259
System Components 260
Special Journals and Subsidiary
Ledgers 261
Basics of Special Journals 261
Subsidiary Ledgers 261
Sales Journal 263
Cash Receipts Journal 265
Purchases Journal 267
Cash Payments (Disbursements) Journal 268
General Journal Transactions 269
Technology-Based Accounting Systems 270
Technology in Accounting 270
Data Processing in Accounting 270
Computer Networks in Accounting 270
Enterprise Resource Planning Software 271
Data Analytics and Data Visualization 271
Cloud Computing 271
Decision Analysis—Days’ Payable Outstanding 271
8 Cash, Fraud, and Internal Control 290
Fraud and Internal Control 291
Purpose of Internal Control 291
Principles of Internal Control 292
Technology, Fraud, and Internal Control 293
Limitations of Internal Control 293
Control of Cash 294
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Liquidity 294
Cash Management 295
Control of Cash Receipts 295
Control of Cash Payments 297
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