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Epidemiology_and_Biostatistics__An_Introduction_to_Clinical_Research.pdf
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927087
. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
Epidemiology
1 Measures of Disease Frequency.......................................................................... 3
2 General Considerations in Clinical Research Design............................. 13
3 Case Reports and Case Series................................................................... 25
4 Cross-Sectional Studies............................................................................. 29
5 Cohort Studies............................................................................................ 33
6 Case-Control Studies................................................................................. 45
7 Randomized Trials..................................................................................... 59
8 Misclassification ........................................................................................ 75
9 Introduction to Confounding.................................................................. 91
10 Methods to Control for Confounding..................................................... 101
11 Effect Modification.................................................................................. 113
12 Screening .................................................................................................. 121
13 Diagnostic Testing ................................................................................................ 139
14 Summary Measures in Statisitics........................................................... 153
15 Introduction to Statistical Inference ..................................................... 163
16 Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................. 171
17 Interpreting Hypothesis Tests ................................................................ 181
18 Linear Regression ................................................................................................. 189
19 Non-Linear Regression ........................................................................... 209
19.1 Regression for Ratios...................................................................... 209
19.2 Logistic Regression......................................................................... 211
19.3 Application of Logistic Regression Models................................... 213
20 Survival Analysis ..................................................................................... 215
20.1 Limitations of Incidence Measures for Evaluating Risk................. 215
20.1.1 Incidence Measures: Oversimplification
of Study Results Over time............................................... 216
20.1.2 Incidence Measures: Crude Handling
of Participant Dropout....................................................... 216
20.2 Survival Data................................................................................... 217
20.3 Statistical Testing of Survival Data................................................. 219
20.4 Definitions of Events and Censoring.............................................. 220
20.5 Kaplan–Meier Estimation............................................................... 221
20.5.1 Kaplan–Meier Estimation of S(t)...................................... 221
20.5.2 Kaplan–Meier Estimation of S(t)
with Censored Data........................................................... 222
20.6 Cox’s Proportional Hazards Model................................................. 224
20.6.1 Description of the Proportional Hazards Model............... 224
20.6.2 Interpreting Survival Data and the Proportional
Hazards Model.................................................................. 227
20.6.3 Survival Versus Hazard Ratio Data................................... 228
References......................................................................................................... 229
Author Index.................................................................................................... 233
Subject Index.................................................................................................... 237
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