20120418 Follow Me 342 Germany’s economy: Modell Deutschland über alles

Germany has a lot for people to learn, but adaptation to different countries is also needed.

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感谢楼主，我们需要了解原汁原味的西方社会，这些才会有借鉴意义

On the whole, maybe it is somewhat due to the cultural background as Germans are generally regarded as cautious, serious and hard working, who pay more attention to manufacturing, such as mobile industry.

What I concerned more is "Mittelstand clusters" in Germany. These enterprises are the sparks which can fire the whole marketing. It is this part that really deserves China to learn something, like how to creat more loose financial atmosphere for little companies. Only the industries, not real estate will finally make the economy sustainable.

谢谢分享

Germany’s economy: Modell Deutschland über alles
德国经济：德国模式高于一切
        MUCH of the rich world is fascinated by Germany. Despite being at the heart of sclerotic Europe, its GDP per head has risen by more than any other G7 country’s over the past decade. Unemployment in the troubled euro zone is at its highest since the single currency’s birth; in Germany it is at a record low. In most rich countries manufacturing exports have been hammered by foreign competition; in Germany they remain powerful drivers of growth. No wonder hard-pressed political leaders in France, Spain, Italy and Britain are talking wistfully of becoming more like Germany.
德国引起了绝大多数发达国家的关注。尽管德国地处欧亚大陆中部，然而在过去十年里这个国家的人均国内生产总值增幅是西方七国集团中最高的。在被困难所困扰的欧元区，其失业率已经达到了实行单一货币制度以来的顶峰；然而德国的失业率却处于历史纪录的低点。当大多数发达国家的制造业出口面临来自外国的竞争并且遭受重创时，德国的制造业出口仍然为国家经济发展提供了强大的动力。难怪法国、西班牙、意大利和英国都纷纷表示要效仿德国以便摆脱困境。
       Germany’s recent success has both new and old roots. Only a decade ago, still struggling with the costs of unification, it was a basket-case. It has since bounced back to show that a high-wage country can succeed in top-end manufacturing, not least by holding down unit labour costs. The Germans have long since repaired their public finances—the budget deficit is barely 1% of GDP, public spending as a share of GDP is well below the European average and German bond yields are at record lows. Thanks mainly to the Agenda 2010 reforms begun by the Social Democrat-led government of Gerhard Schröder in 2003, Germany has liberalised many of its labour-market rules, one reason for today’s enviably low unemployment.
德国近期所取得的成功可以归根于于新的因素和历史因素。十年前，德国仍然疲于应对两德统一后留下的烂摊子。而今天它恢复了活力，并证明了高收入国家在高端制造业领域是能够取得成功的，特别是在通过降低单位劳动成本的境况下。德国在很早以前就对本国公共财政进行了修复——财政赤字仅占国内生产总值的1%，其公共开支在国内生产总值中所占的比例也远远低于欧洲平均水平，此外德国的债券收益率也维持在历史最低水平。这主要归功于由格哈德•施罗德所领导的社会民主党ZF在2003年所推行的名为“2010年议程”的改革。通过改革，德国多项劳动力市场规则得以放宽，这被视为德国目前能够实现令人羡慕的低失业率的原因之一。Yet Germany’s cutting edge has an ancient blade. The country’s Mittelstand clusters of firms, which often specialise in niche areas of manufacturing, developed in the late 19th century. Impressively resilient and versatile, they have benefited from rocketing demand for high-quality capital and consumer goods in emerging markets. Germany’s corporatist Mitbestimmung model, which gives workers a say in management, has made it easier both to push through structural reforms and to hold down wages. And the German system of apprenticeships and vocational training, divided into some 350 trades, has helped keep youth unemployment lower than elsewhere in Europe
德国之所以能取得目前的成就，其背后也存在历史的原因。德国在19世纪末期就兴起了一些从事专业化制造并专注于细分领域的中小型企业集群，这些企业有着很强的适应性和灵活性，而且能够通过新兴市场对高质量资本和消费品需求增长中获利。德国企业这种共同决策的模式使工人能够在管理方面获得发言权并促进了结构改革，降低了收入。此外，德国的学徒制度和职业培训体系覆盖了350多个行业，这为德国能够在青年失业率低于欧洲其他国家提供了帮助。

whachel1976 发表于 2012-4-18 14:35
On the whole, maybe it is somewhat due to the cultural background as Germans are generally regarded  ...

Chinese people has the quality of hard working,what we lack is the attitude of cautious and serious.In turn,it decide that  we are only in the bottom of manufacturing.Futhermore ,we don't attach enough attention of skills
and innovation.

德国的经济还受益于欧元。由于垃圾欧洲国家的影响，欧元对于德国来说是低估的，以至于其经常项盈余得以积累。不管怎样，德国的效率确实是世间领先。

正如上面的duojipengcuo所说，德国经济的发展一部分得益于欧元，下面是一个网友的评论：

There is no German miracle.
Germans are where they are because of their exports. And they export so well because they have the most devalued currency in the world. They are in a currency group with countries as Spain, Greece, Portugal... If periphery countries left the Euro, it would appreciate for sure 30-40%.
Who had Audi, Mercedes, Bosch, Miele in periphery countries before the Euro? These were luxury goods. But today, they are ubiquitous. They have been pushing periphery countries consumers to buy their goods: buy buy buy! Now, suddenly, the sames that pressed you to buy say that you are a bad bad boy because you have too much debt. Come on...
On top of the currency, ECB has been stting the interest rate according to Germany's needs. From 2005 to 2008, when it was clear that a bubble was creating in periphery countries, they kept the rates low because that's what Germany needed.
The current account balance chart that you show in the article is nice. But there is a nicer one (I found it from PIMCO) showing current account balance chart of most European countries since the Euro began. Looking at this chart it's clear that there are some clear winners and some clear loosers from the Euro.
Of course Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece are not Germany. And no matter how much Merkel pushes, they will not become Germany.
periphery countries have big problems that they need to address. All politicians, from little village mayors to the biggest ones, steal and just look for themselves. People has got used not to work, complaining about the situation is enough. There are subsidies for everything. And so on...


相关的一篇文章：
http://www.economist.com/node/21552567