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英文文献：USSR babies: who drinks vodka in Russia?-苏联婴儿:谁在俄罗斯喝伏特加?
英文文献作者：Evgeny Yakovlev
英文文献摘要：
By analyzing individual-level data on the alcohol consumption of Russian males, this paper finds evidence for a longstanding persistence of habits towards certain type of habit-forming goods. Males who grew up in the USSR are accustomed to vodka – the most popular liquor during the Soviet era – whereas those who entered their twenties in the post-Soviet period after the beer industry expanded prefer beer. This finding emphasizes the importance of policy towards young people when they form their habits. The second finding of this paper is that habits and substitution effects outweigh “stepping stone” effect, in both short and long run periods. Policy simulation shows that a 50% subsidy on beer and 30% tax on vodka will decrease male mortality from 1.41% to 0.95% in 10 years, halving the gap between Russian and western-European mortality rates.
通过分析俄罗斯男性饮酒量的个人数据，这篇论文发现了一些证据，证明他们对某些能形成习惯的商品有着长期持续的习惯。在苏联长大的男性习惯了伏特加——苏联时期最流行的酒——而那些在后苏联时期啤酒产业扩张后进入20多岁的男性则更喜欢啤酒。这一发现强调了政策对青少年养成习惯的重要性。本文的第二个发现是，习惯和替代效应大于“垫脚石”效应，无论在短期还是长期。政策模拟显示，对啤酒给予50%的补贴，对伏特加征收30%的税，可以在10年内将男性死亡率从1.41%降低到0.95%，将俄罗斯与西欧死亡率的差距缩小一半。
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