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Handbook of Computer Vision and Applications Volume 1 Sensors and Imaging
Computer vision is a complex subject. As such it is helpful to divide
it into the various components or function modules. On this level, it
is also much easier to compare a technical system with a biological
system. In this sense, the basic common functionality of biological and
machine imaging includes the following components:
Radiation source. If no radiation is emitted from the scene or the object
of interest, nothing can be observed or processed. Thus appropriate
illumination is necessary for objects that are themselves not
radiant.
Camera. The “camera” collects the radiation received from the object
in such a way that the radiation's origins can be pinpointed. In
the simplest case this is just an optical lens. But it could also be a
completely di erent system, for example, an imaging optical spectrometer,
an x-ray tomograph, or a microwave dish.
Sensor. The sensor converts the received radiative ux density into a
suitable signal for further processing. For an imaging system normally
a 2-D array of sensors is required to capture the spatial distribution
of the radiation. With an appropriate scanning system in
some cases a single sensor or a row of sensors could be sucient.
Processing unit. It processes the incoming, generally higher-dimensional
data, extracting suitable features that can be used to measure
object properties and categorize them into classes. Another important
component is a memory system to collect and store knowledge
about the scene, including mechanisms to delete unimportant
things.
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