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Public Economics A Concise Introduction (José Luis Gómez-Barroso) .pdf
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1 State activity in the economy: a global perspective 1
1 Introduction: public activity rather than public intervention 1
2 The market economy as a common system to organize
economies 4
3 The (observed) functions of the state in the economy 7
4 Why? Reasons for the state’s becoming involved in the
economy 9
4.1 The shortcomings of the market 9
4.2 The shortcomings of specific markets 11
5 What for? The objectives of state involvement in the
economy 13
5.1 Ultimate objectives 14
5.2 Derived objectives 15
5.3 Immediate objectives 16
6 How? The instruments used by the state to act in the
economy 17
6.1 Ingredients 17
6.2 Recipes: economic policies 22
Summary 27
CONTENTS
viii Contents
Overview 28
Self-assessment questions 28
Questions for reflection 30
2 Reasons for state economic activity 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Efficiency of the market 34
3 Reasons related to efficiency in the market: failures of the
market 36
3.1 Guaranteeing rights and obligations 36
3.2 Inefficient outcome 37
3.3 Short-sightedness regarding the future: innovation and
sustainability 40
3.4 Unequal distribution of wealth 43
4 Reasons unrelated to efficiency in the market 44
4.1 Equity 44
4.2 Amorality 46
5 Reasons related to efficiency in an individual market: failures
of specific markets 47
5.1 Intrinsic characteristics of the good or activity 47
5.1.1 Public goods 47
5.1.2 Externalities 51
5.2 Market situation 54
5.2.1 Imperfect competition 54
5.2.2 Incomplete markets 54
5.2.3 Information failures 55
6 Reasons unrelated to efficiency in specific markets 59
6.1 Merit goods 59
6.2 Protected goods 60
7 Reasons to act versus need to act 60
Summary 62
Overview 63
Self-assessment questions 63
Questions for reflection 64
3 Objectives of state economic activity 65
1 Introduction: types of objectives 65
2 Ultimate objectives 66
2.1 Improving well-being: growth and employment 66
2.2 Allocation/redistribution 70
2.3 Defence of social values 71
3 Derived objectives 74
Contents ix
3.1 Measuring growth: gross domestic product 75
3.2 Measuring employment: unemployment rate 78
3.3 Measuring stability 81
3.3.1 Inflation 81
3.3.2 Public deficit 83
3.3.3 External deficit 85
3.4 Measuring equity: the Gini coefficient 87
4 Immediate objectives 90
5 Criticisms of the indicators used 92
5.1 The quality of the indicators 92
5.2 Growth versus sustainable development 94
5.3 Growth versus quality of life 97
Summary 101
Overview 102
Self-evaluation questions 102
Questions for reflection 103
4 Instruments of state economic activity 104
1 Introduction 104
2 The ingredients of economic policies 105
2.1 Direct provision of goods and services 105
2.2 Direct intervention in markets 106
2.3 Regulation 107
2.4 Taxation 108
2.5 Benefits and subsidies 108
2.6 Nonmonetary incentives 109
2.7 Public–private partnerships 110
3 Policies used to organize economic activity 110
3.1 Property protection policy 110
3.2 Competition policy 113
3.3 Labour policy 117
3.4 Consumer protection policy 117
3.5 Environmental policy 118
4 Policies used to promote economic activity 119
4.1 Infrastructure policy 119
4.2 Training and capacity-building policies 120
4.3 Research and development policy 120
4.4 Policy for developing the information society 122
4.5 Growth and development policies 123
5 Macroeconomic adjustment policies 124
x Contents
5.1 Fiscal policy 124
5.1.1 Fiscal policy as a stabilizer of the
economy 125
5.1.2 The adverse effects of fiscal policy: public sector
debt 127
5.1.3 Fiscal policy as a redistribution
instrument 129
5.2 Monetary policy 136
5.3 Commercial policy 140
5.3.1 Traditional commercial policy 140
5.3.2 Exchange rate policy 145
5.4 Incomes policy 146
6 Social policies 147
6.1 Social protection policy 148
6.2 Health policy 148
6.3 Education policy 151
6.4 Employment policy 152
6.5 Territorial policy 153
6.6 Housing policy 154
6.7 Other social policies 154
7 Sectorial policies 155
8 The coordination and subordination of policies 158
9 Assigning responsibility in policy design and
implementation 159
Summary 164
Overview 164
Self-assessment questions 165
Questions for reflection 166
5 Conclusion: state or market? 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Public action in the economy: a priori objections 168
2.1 The limitations of collective decision-making 168
2.2 The limitations of government actions 171
2.3 The limitations to measuring public action 175
3 Public action in the economy: practical difficulties 176
4 So, state or market? 182
5 How societies can regain their freedom of choice 189
5.1 The need for global rules of the game 190
5.2 The need to recover state sovereignty 190
5.3 The need to establish inclusive globalization 192
Contents xi
5.4 The need to recover community social capital 193
Summary 198
Overview 198
Self-assessment questions 199
Questions for reflection 200
6 State activity throughout history: theory and reality 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Up to the contemporary age 202
2.1 Antiquity 202
2.2 The Middle Ages 203
2.3 Modern age 207
3 From The Wealth of Nations to the start of the 20th
century 213
3.1 The turning point: Adam Smith 213
3.2 The development of classical economics in the first half
of the 19th century 216
3.3 The final third of the 19th century 218
4 The 20th century 221
4.1 From the turn of the century to World War II 221
4.2 From the end of World War II to the oil crisis 226
4.3 The final quarter of the 20th century 227
5 The economy at the start of the 21st century 230
5.1 The first two decades 230
5.2 A new turning point? The post-COVID-19
economy 235
Summary 238
Overview 239
Self-assessment questions 239
Questions for reflection 240
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